Biological Incidents

Author(s):  
Ian Greaves ◽  
Paul Hunt

Chapter 9 covers information on recognition of a biological incident, natural disease outbreaks, accidental release of pathogenic organisms, bioterrorism incidents, features of an intentional biological agent release, recognition of an intentional biological agent release, bioterrorism surveillance, and biological agent biodromes, initial management of a suspected biological agent release incident, general incident management principles, universal (standard) precautions, personal protective equipment, decontamination at scene, biological agent transmissibility and public health impact, mathematical models of infection spread, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, the hospital response to a biological incident, primary care, cardinal signs and tips for key biological agents, the role of hospital clinicians, and the unidentified biological agent and ‘white powder’ incidents.

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Speers

Ambulance officers and other emergency service personnel may be exposed to the body fluids of their patients due to the unpredictable nature of their work. As it is not possible to predict which patients may have a communicable disease, standard precautions must be practiced at all times. This is part of an occupational health and safety strategy that includes appropriate immunisation, education, and post-exposure counselling of staff. The actual risk of acquiring blood-borne viruses or other communicable diseases is less than is generally perceived, and post-exposure prophylaxis is available for several of these. Hepatitis B is the most transmissible of the blood-borne viruses but there is very effective pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis available. There is effective post-exposure prophylaxis available for HIV but not for hepatitis C. An ambulance officer exposed to tuberculosis or meningococcal disease should also be offered post-exposure counselling and protective therapy as appropriate, although the risk of subsequent disease is very small. Education of staff about the actual risks involved following an exposure and the correct procedures to follow will allay fears and allow the safe and efficient management of patients outside of the hospital.


Author(s):  
Dewi Indra Sari ◽  
◽  
Mardiati Nadjib ◽  

ABSTRACT Background: A pandemic potential Covid-19 spread rapidly worldwide. Ministry of Health, Republic Indonesia recommended one of the Covid-19 treatments with combination of hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine and azithromycin. However, the effectiveness and safety of antimalaria regime remain debating topic. This study aimed to investigate the role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of Covid-19. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching from PubMed, SpringerLink, and Cochrane Library databases. The keywords were “prophylaxis”, “chloroquine” OR “hydroxychloroquine” “SARS-CoV-2” OR “Covid-19”. The inclusion criteria were phase IIb clinical trials, double masking, comparative observational studies, open access articles published until August 2020. The exclusion criteria were inaccessible and duplicate articles. The quality of selected articles was critically appraised. The data were reported by PRISMA flow chart. Results: Three articles out of 117 articles met the criteria inclusion. The findings showed that hydroxychloroquine could not prevent Covid-19 compatible disease or confirmed infections when used as post-exposure prophylaxis. High dose chloroquine was not recommended for critically ill COVID-19 patients because of its potential side effects, especially when administered with azithromycin and oseltamivir. Covid-19 patients with the need for oxygenation were not suggested to use hydroxychloroquine. Conclusion: There is scarce evidence to support prophylaxis and treatment effects of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients. Further research on the safety and use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is required in the management of Covid-19. Keywords: prophylaxis, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19 Correspondence: Dewi Indra Sari. Masters Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +628121983-6600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.33


Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla M. A. Pinto ◽  
Ana R. M. Carvalho ◽  
Dumitru Baleanu ◽  
Hari M. Srivastava

We propose a fractional order model to study the efficacy of the Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within-host dynamics, in the presence of the HIV latent reservoir. Latent reservoirs harbor infected cells that contain a transcriptionally silent but reactivatable provirus. The latter constitutes a major difficulty to the eradication of HIV in infected patients. PEP is used as a way to prevent HIV infection after a recent possible exposure to HIV. It consists of the in-take of antiretroviral drugs for, usually, 28 days. In this study, we focus on the dosage and dosage intervals of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during PEP and in the role of the latent reservoir in HIV infected patients. We thus simulate the model for immunologically important parameters concerning the drugs and the fraction of latently infected cells. The results may add important information to clinical practice of HIV infected patients.


Author(s):  
Risqa Novita

Abstrak Rabies di Indonesia telah berada sejak abad 18, namun hingga saat ini Indonesia belum bebas dari rabies. Hanya 8 provinsi di Indonesia yang bebas dari rabies yaitu DKI Jakarta, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Papua, dan Papua Barat, padahal Indonesia ditargetkan bebas rabies pada tahun 2030. Rabies tidak dapat diobati karena disebabkan oleh virus Lyssa, hanya dapat dicegah melalui pendekatan One Health yaitu kesehatan manusia, kesehatan hewan, satwa liar dan kesehatan lingkungan. Upaya pencegahan itu adalah dengan pemberian vaksinasi rabies ke Hewan Pembawa Rabies (HPR) dan pemberian Post Exposure Prophylaxys (PEP) pada manusia yang tergigit oleh HPR. Pemberian PEP hanya dapat dilakukan di Rabies center atau fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan primer yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk mengendalikan rabies yang sudah tersebar di 26 provinsi. Metode berupa review literatur yang dicari menggunakan kata kunci Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer, Post Exposure Prophylaxis dan Rabies di Indonesia. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah peran fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dalam mengendalikan rabies pada manusia sangat penting, dalam hal tatalaksana pertama kali terhadap korban penyediaan Vaksin Anti Rabies (VAR) dan promosi kesehatan. Rabies dapat dicegah dengan perilaku hidup sehat, sehingga peran fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang ditunjuk sebagai Rabies center dapat mengoptimalkan promosi kesehatan melalui pemberian leaflet, edukasi rabies di sekolah-sekolah dasar, pemasangan spanduk rabies dan pemutaran video rabies di puskesmas atau rumah sakit di ruang tunggu pasien sehingga pasien dapat melihat dan mengetahui mengenai rabies dan pencegahannya. Kata kunci: pelayanan kesehatan, post exposure prophylaxis, dan rabies center Abstract Rabies has been in Indonesia since the 18th century, but until now Indonesia has not been free from rabies yet. Only 8 provinces in Indonesia are free from rabies, namely DKI Jakarta, Central of Java, East of Java, Jogyakarta, Bangka Belitung, The Riau Islands, Papua, and West Papua. Rabies could not be treated because it caused by the virus (named Lyssavirus), which only prevented by the approach of one health in human health, animal health and wildlife animals, and environmental health. Lyssa could be prevented by a rabies vaccine program to rabid animals and post-exposure prophylaxis (PPE) in humans who bitten by rabid animals. The provision of the PPE can only be done in Rabies center or primary health service facilities designated by the government. This writing aims to know the role of health service facilities in primary or public health centers to tackle rabies which has been spread in 26 provinces. A method of review literature that sought to use the keywords was Health services in primary, Post-exposure prophylaxis, and Rabies in Indonesia. Results were the role of health service facilities in the control of rabies in humans is very important, in terms of managing the provision of VAR and the promotion of health service. Rabies can be prevented with healthy patterns of living so that the role of health service facilities which was appointed for rabies center can optimize the promotion of health through the provision of leaflets, education in primary schools, setting banners rabies and screening of rabies in video health center or hospital patients in the waiting room so that the patient can see and know what rabies and it prevents. Keywords: health services, post-exposure prophylaxis, and rabies center


2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuvankar Mukherjee ◽  
Agnihotri Bhattacharyya ◽  
Biswanath SharmaSarkar ◽  
Dipendra N. Goswami ◽  
Santanu Ghosh ◽  
...  

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sridhar ◽  
S. Boopathi ◽  
Rakesh Lodha ◽  
S. K. Kabra

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Yusuf ◽  
Elmon Mudefi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Ntombana Rala ◽  
...  

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