Personality and personality disorder

2012 ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Treatment Management

Chapter 7 discusses personality and personality disorder, and covers personality types, the origin and assessment of personality, historical development about ideas of the disorder, classification, diagnostic criteria, rates in the clinic and general population, aetiology, course, treatment, management of specific personality disorders, and ethical problems.

Personality and personality disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 391-414
Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

‘Personality and personality disorders’ covers how personality influences and is influenced by psychiatric disorders, and also the disorders of personality. Personality refers to the wide range of ensuring qualities and behaviours that characterize an individual and that we generally use to recognize them. This chapter covers the varied theories of personality, both of personality types and personality development. It covers the classification of abnormal personalities and the range of personality disorders, along with their diagnostic criteria and how this classification is currently being subject to potentially radical reorganization. While the diagnosis of personality disorders remains controversial it is an essential tool in clinical psychiatry. Its course, impact, and treatment and management strategies are outlined, with particular attention paid to the impact of personality disorders on the outcome of other psychiatric and medical conditions and the ethical problems such disorders present.

scholarly journals Proportion of Psychiatry Outpatients with Borderline Personality and Associated Clinical Syndromes using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III: A Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaunak Ajit Ajinkya ◽  
Pranita Shantanu Sharma ◽  
Aparna Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Thought Disorders

Introduction: Personality disorders are a group of behavioural patterns associated with significant personal and socio-occupational disturbances. Numerous studies have demonstrated borderline personality to be one of the most common personality disorders. It’s less often diagnosed with just a clinical assessment. Aim: To examine the proportion of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and its associated personality types and clinical syndromes, using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory version-III (MCMI-III). Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out on 450 adult patients who attended the psychiatry outpatient department of an urban tertiary care hospital. They had been administered the MCMI-III, a self-rating questionnaire commonly used to provide information on personality types and associated clinical syndromes. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, Windows) version 20.0 was used for statistical analyses. Data was expressed in terms of actual number, mean and percentages. Chi-Square or Fisher’s-exact test, as appropriate, was used for categorical data to test for associations. Odds ratio was estimated to measure strength of the association. Results: Borderline was the most common personality type comprising nearly half (46.63%) of the study population. 25.5% had borderline traits while 21.1% had Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). BPD was significantly higher in females (p<0.001), younger age group below the age of 40 years (p<0.001) and unmarried persons (p<0.001). It was comorbid most with Anxiety (90.91%; OR=4.05; p<0.001), Major Depression (85.23%; OR=18.39; p<0.001), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (46.59%; OR=6.30; p<0.001) and Thought disorders (56.82%; OR=18.15; p<0.001). Alcohol (22.73%; OR=3.54; p<0.001) and Drug dependence (13.64%; OR=11.52; p<0.001) were also seen significantly higher in patients with BPD. Personality types significantly comorbid with BPD were Sadistic, Depressive, Masochistic, Negativistic, Schizotypal, Avoidant, Dependent, Antisocial and Paranoid types, with odds being most for Sadistic personality (OR=9.44). Conclusion: It is recommended that mental health professionals and clinicians should start to look for underlying symptoms of BPD in patients of anxiety and mood syndromes. If found these patients should be directed for psychotherapy as early as possible. The MCMI psychological test would be an important contribution to this area, given the need for systematic, quick, and objective testing methods that facilitate the diagnosis.

Personality Disorders

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosefa A. Ehrlich ◽  
Amir Garakani ◽  
Stephanie R Pavlos ◽  
Larry Siever
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Organizational System ◽  
Medical Disorders

Personality can be defined as an organizational system of self that shapes the manner in which a person interacts with his or her environment. Personality traits develop in adolescence or early adulthood and are thought to be shaped by early childhood experiences and enduring throughout a lifetime. Personality traits that prevent an individual from being able to function in society or that cause significant distress are diagnosed as personality disorders. A thorough history is needed to rule out other psychiatric and medical disorders. This chapter reviews the diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, prevalence, etiology (including genetics and neurobiology), prognosis, and treatment of paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and dependent personality disorders. A discussion of the relevance of personality disorders to primary care practices and approaches to managing such patients is also included. Tables describe the diagnostic criteria of each personality disorder. Figures illustrate the prevalence of personality disorders in the general and psychiatric populations; schizotypal personality disorder in the community, general population, and clinical population; childhood trauma in individuals with personality disorder; and comorbid disorders in individuals with borderline personality disorder. A model of brain processing in borderline personality disorder is also featured. This chapter contains 5 highly rendered figures, 10 tables, 230 references, and 5 MCQs.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (S44) ◽  
pp. s28-s31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regi Alexander ◽  
Sherva Cooray
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Severe Disability ◽  
Developmental Levels ◽  
Selective Review ◽  
Literature Searches

BackgroundThough contentious, the diagnosis of personality disorders in persons with learning disability is clinically relevant because it affects many aspects of management.AimsTo examine published literature on the diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability.MethodSelective review with computerised (Medline, Embase and PsychInfo) and manual literature searches.ResultsThe variation in the cooccurrence of personality disorder in learning disability, with prevalence ranging from less than 1% to 91% in a community setting and 22% to 92% in hospital settings, is very great and too large to be explained by real differences.ConclusionsThe diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability is complex and difficult, particularly in those with severe disability Developing consensus diagnostic criteria, specific for various developmental levels, is one way forward. Such criteria may need to include objective proxy measures such as behavioural observations and informant accounts.

scholarly journals Boredom in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Lost Criterion Reconsidered

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
Sara R. Masland ◽  
Tanya V. Shah ◽  
Lois W. Choi-Kain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Identity Disturbance ◽  
Behavioral Dysregulation

Difficulty with boredom was eliminated from the formal diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) in 1994 based on significantly limited, unpublished data. However, it is apparent in clinical practice that boredom remains relevant to BPD. This review synthesizes empirical research, with consideration of theoretical accounts, to critically examine the relevance of boredom to BPD. We first briefly review issues in defining and measuring boredom and offer an expanded conceptualization for BPD, which includes the notion of boredom reactivity, before turning to boredom’s differentiation from and overlap with feelings of emptiness, with which it was paired prior to its removal from the DSM. We then discuss perspectives on boredom’s significance in BPD, briefly touching on its relevance in other personality disorders. We propose a Boredom Cascade Model that articulates how boredom and boredom reactivity interact with identity disturbance and chronic emptiness to create escalating patterns of behavioral dysregulation and make recommendations for research and treatment.

Personality disorders as disorganisation of attachment and affect regulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaydip Sarkar ◽  
Gwen Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Neurobiological Research

If personality disorder is no longer to be a diagnosis of exclusion it needs a conceptual framework that fits both the symptoms of the illness and the behavioural problems that constitute its current diagnostic criteria. In this article, we suggest that personality disorder is best understood as disorganisation of the capacity for affect regulation, mediated by early attachments. We present evidence for this argument based on both developmental and neurobiological research.

The Assessment and Treatment of Personality Disorders in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
William R. Lindsay ◽  
Verity Chester ◽  
Regi Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Initial Research

Knowledge about the assessment of personality disorder (PD) in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has improved significantly in the last 15 years. Guidelines have been developed starting with recommendations by Alexander and Cooray (2003) that informant information, observation, and interview should be employed in a convergent assessment. Specific considerations should be given to the features of IDD itself such as delay in perspective taking abilities. While initial research found widely differing prevalence of PD in people with IDD, more recent research following guidelines, has been more consistent. It has also been demonstrated that PD has an orderly relationship with the assessment of general personality and with emotional problems. Recent alterations in the assessment of PD in the general population have been found suitable for people with IDD and it has also been found that generic services for this population are suitable for those with IDD and PD.

Personality disorders in the elderly

2012 ◽  
pp. 1561-1564
Author(s):  
Suzanne Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The study of personality disorder (PD) in late life presents conceptual, diagnostic, and methodological difficulties. By definition, PD is considered a group of personality traits that relatively persistent through adulthood. However, the concept of PD persisting throughout the lifespan contradicts widespread clinical belief that they become less severe with ageing. There are difficulties in studying PD in the elderly. One is the instability of the definition of PD over time, making it difficult to relate earlier studies to those using current definitions of PD. In addition, diagnostic criteria are subject to criticism when applied to the elderly, in that they may be ‘age-biased’. Finally, the methodology used to diagnose PD has been highly variable and difficult to interpret between studies. This chapter covers clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology and aetiology, course and prognosis, and treatment and management.

Personality Disorders in the DSM-5: Proposed Revisions and Critiques

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Good
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Personality Functioning ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Categorical Model ◽  
Dsm Iv

This article discusses the Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group's proposed changes for Personality Disorders in the DSM-5: (a) adoption of a hybrid dimensional-categorical model; (b) utilization of 6 personality disorder types instead of the previous 10 personality disorders; (c) addition of personality traits and facets to define personality disorders; (d) addition of a rating scale for levels of personality functioning; (e) revised diagnostic criteria; and (f) the collapsing of Axes I, II, and III. Also discussed are ways in which the DSM-5 proposals are reactions to criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) and criticisms of the proposed changes.

A comparison of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorder criteria in an out-patient population

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sara ◽  
P. Raven ◽  
A. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Equivalent Form ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Diagnostic Threshold ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv

SynopsisThis study reports the results of a comparison of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorder criteria by application of both sets of criteria to the same group of patients. Despite the clinical relevance of these disorders and the need for reliable diagnostic criteria, such a comparison has not previously been reported. DSM-III-R and ICD-10 have converged in their classification of personality disorders, but some important differences between the two systems remain. Personality disorder diagnoses from both systems were obtained in 52 out-patients, using the Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP), a brief, informant-based interview which yields diagnoses in both DSM-III-R and ICD-10. For individual personality disorder diagnoses, agreement between systems was limited. Thirty-four subjects received a personality disorder diagnosis that had an equivalent form in both systems, but only 10 subjects (29%) received the same primary diagnosis in each system. There was a difference in rate of diagnosis, with ICD-10 making significantly more personality disorder diagnoses. The lower diagnostic threshold of the ICD-10 contributed most of this effect. Further modifications in ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR) and DSM-IV to the personality disorder category have been considered. The omission in DSM-IV of three categories unique to that system and the raising of the threshold in ICD-10 DCR, do seem to have been helpful in promoting convergence.

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