Appropriate electrode sites and electrical characteristics for TENS

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrode Positioning ◽  
Low Threshold

The success of TENS treatment depends on the use of safe and appropriate TENS technique. Uncertainty about optimal TENS technique is due in part to the variety of possible electrode positions and electrical characteristics that can be chosen for treatment. Conventional TENS uses low-intensity, high-frequency currents to activate low-threshold afferent nerve fibres in the skin. AL-TENS uses high-intensity, low-frequency currents to generate non-painful phasic muscle contractions (twitching). The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the principles that underpin the use of safe and appropriate electrode sites and electrical characteristics during TENS. The chapter covers how to choose between conventional and AL-TENS, the appropriate electrode positioning for conventional TENS and AL-TENS including instances where AL-TENS may be more beneficial than conventional TENS, appropriate choice of electrical characteristics for stimulation, and biological, psychological, and social factors influencing response to TENS

scholarly journals Sound Performances of Partition Board from Waste Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 920 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
U Kassim ◽  
S A Nur ◽  
M N Kamarudin ◽  
M A Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Noise Reduction ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test Point ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Reduction Coefficient

Abstract This study is on the sound performances of a selected number of partition boards in Industrialised Building System (IBS) buildings. The proposed bespoke board were made from squandered or waste materials, namely, coconut shells and newspapers. Each board had been tested for six different distances from the speaker in four different levels of sound, changing the level of the sound frequency. Thereon, the results were analysed. The average result of each board with various distances from the sound source, starting from 0 cm to 220 cm, was combined into under one sound level. The percentage of the noise reduction coefficient is designated by the vertical line whereas the levels of the sound is designated by the horizontal line. Point 1 stands for the low frequency and low intensity test. Point 2 stands for low frequency and high intensity test. The board that is being made of 80% coconut shell, 15% cement and 5% newspaper has an average of noise reduction coefficient of 0.21 in low frequency and low intensity, 0.21 in low frequency and high intensity, 0.24 in high frequency, high intensity and 0.12 in high frequency low intensity.

scholarly journals Separation of the ‘blue’ and ‘green’ mechanisms of foveal vision by measurements of increment thresholds

1946 ◽  
Vol 133 (873) ◽  
pp. 418-434 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Test Stimulus ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Very High

The curve relating the smallest perceptible intensity of a blue test stimulus with the intensity of an orange conditioning field against which it is viewed shows a characteristic division into low- and high-intensity components, indicating the operation of two mechanisms of cone vision at the fovea. The justification for calling these ‘blue’ and ‘green’ mechanisms is taken from an earlier investigation (Stiles 1939). While most subjects show this division clearly, for some the low-intensity component is masked by the intrusion of rod vision. The correctness of this view is established by measurements made while the eye is recovering from an intense light adaptation. The individual variations of the sensitivities of the ‘green’ and ‘blue’ mechanisms in twenty subjects are assessed. Further evidence is obtained of an anomalously low threshold for the ‘blue’ mechanisms at very high conditioning fields of orange light.

THE EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW FREQUENCY CORTICAL STIMULATION WITH A FIXED OR A POISSON DISTRIBUTED INTERPULSE INTERVAL ON CORTICAL EXCITABILITY IN RATS

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 1430005 ◽  
Author(s):  
INE BUFFEL ◽  
ALFRED MEURS ◽  
ROBRECHT RAEDT ◽  
VEERLE DE HERDT ◽  
LEEN DECORTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cortical Stimulation ◽  
Interpulse Interval ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Promising Treatment ◽  
Neocortical Epilepsy

Neurostimulation is a promising treatment for refractory epilepsy. We studied the effect of cortical stimulation with different parameters in the rat motor cortex stimulation model. High intensity simulation (threshold for motor response - 100 μA), high frequency (130 Hz) stimulation during 1 h decreased cortical excitability, irrespective of the interpulse interval used (fixed or Poisson distributed). Low intensity (10 μA) and/or low frequency (5 Hz) stimulation had no effect. Cortical stimulation appears promising for the treatment of neocortical epilepsy if frequency and intensity are high enough.

scholarly journals High Frequency Non-Invasive Stimulation Over the Spine: Effects on Mood and Mechanical Pain Tolerance in Normal Subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Towell ◽  
D. Williams ◽  
S. G. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Left Shoulder ◽  
Cutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Clinical Pain

We investigated the effects of non-invasive high frequency (625Hz) stimulation over the spine on mechanical pain tolerance and subjective mood. Sixty healthy subjects were divided equally into three groups receiving either high intensity (250 V), low intensity (3–4 V) or sham electrical stimulation directly over the spinal cord for 30 minutes. Following high intensity stimulation, subjects felt significantly more elated, leisurely and less tense and, contrary to reports on patients with clinical pain, had lower mechanical pain tolerances. There were no correlations between changes in mood and changes in mechanical pain tolerances. These findings contrasted with the lack of any significant differences in mood or mechanical pain tolerances in a second study where 20 subjects received either high intensity or sham stimulation across the left shoulder joint. The results indicate that decreases in mechanical pain tolerance are independent of changes in mood following non-invasive high frequency, high intensity cutaneous stimulation but that both effects are dependent on that stimulation being applied over the spine.

scholarly journals Changes in Electroencephalography by Modulation of Interferential Current Stimulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6028
Author(s):  
Sung-Hyoun Cho ◽  
Seon-Chil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Stimulation Level ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Interferential Current

Interferential current (IFC) stimulation can alter pain perception. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IFC stimulation on motor cortex signals and observe how electroencephalography changes depend on IFC stimulation parameters. Forty-five healthy adults were divided into high frequency (HF)–low intensity (LI), HF–high intensity (HI), and low frequency (LF)–HI groups to compare their electroencephalography before, immediately after, and 30 min after current stimulation. The changes in relative beta power according to the intervention time showed significant differences between the HF–LI and HF–HI, as well as the LF–HI and HF–HI, groups in the C3 and P3 regions immediately after IFC stimulation. Similarly, the gamma band showed significant differences according to the intervention time between the LF–HI and HF–HI groups in the P3 region immediately following IFC intervention. For relative theta power, the interaction between group and time was significantly different in the Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, and P4 regions. Based on these results, we were able to map the activation in cerebral cortex regions according to the stimulation level, confirming changes in electroencephalogram activation through peripheral nerve stimulation. This study provides a foundation for future applications for selectively controlling feedback at a proper stimulation level in young adults.

scholarly journals Bone conducted responses in the neonatal rat auditory cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Makarov ◽  
Mikhail Sintsov ◽  
Guzel Valeeva ◽  
Pavel Starikov ◽  
Dmitriy Negrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Biphasic Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractRats are born deaf and start hearing at the end of the second postnatal week, when the ear canals open and low-intensity sounds start to evoke responses in the auditory cortex. Here, using μECoG electrode arrays and intracortical silicon probe recordings, we found that bone-conducted (BC) sounds evoked biphasic responses in the auditory cortex starting from postnatal day (P) 8. The initial phase of these responses, generated by thalamocortical input, was followed by intracortical propagation within supragranular layers. BC-evoked responses co-localized with the responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the deepest layers of the inferior colliculus prior to onset of low-threshold hearing (P13), as well as with the responses evoked by high-frequency (30 kHz) low-intensity (70 dB) air-conducted sounds after that. Thus, BC signals reach high-frequency processing regions of the auditory cortex well before the onset of low-threshold hearing, reflecting early integrity of the auditory system.

scholarly journals Electrical characteristics of female and male human skin

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Simic-Krstic ◽  
A. Kalauzi ◽  
S. Ribar ◽  
G. Lazovic ◽  
R. Radojicic
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cole Model ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
One Way Anova

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a popular method for characterizing the electrical properties of biological tissues. In this study, BIS measurement data of female and male human skin were analyzed and compared. The electrical characteristics of tissue were followed according to four-parameters of the Cole-Cole model: low frequency resistance R0; high frequency resistance R?; relaxation time t and parameter a. Individual electrical characteristics of human skin were determined for 30 women and 30 men. The distribution and one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) of the Cole-Cole parameters R0, R?, t, a within the human population indicated their different dependence on gender. Parameter a, which is higher in the female subjects (a =0.83?0.03) than in the male subjects (a=0.7?0.05), is strongly dependent on gender (p=0). Parameter R? also significantly depends on gender (p=0.002), while t and R0 seem to be slightly related to gender (p>0.05).

Experimental Measurement of Arc Motion and Light Flicker Frequencies in the HID Lamps

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Amer Lakhdar ◽  
Hamouda Messaoud ◽  
Benachiba Chellali ◽  
Marcus Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Experimental Measurement ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Intensity Fluctuation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Light Flicker ◽  
Hid Lamps

<p>In order to reduce the electric consumption for high intensity discharge lamps, the use of high frequencies electronic ballasts represents both a solution and many advantages such as the decrease in the congestion and low costs. However, high frequency operation is not regarded as perfectly reliable due to the appearance of acoustic resonances inside the arc tube, which can result in low frequency light flicker and even lamp destruction. Here we experimentally determined light flicker frequencies using a photodiode which detects the light intensity fluctuation for a high intensity discharge lamp of 50W. Additionally, the arc motion frequencies<strong> </strong>are determined with the aid of a camera. The results obtained are compared with those of a lamp of the same type but with different power (35W).</p>

Frequency and loss dependence of the protective effects of the olivocochlear pathways in cats

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 598-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Activation Threshold ◽  
Loud Sound ◽  
Frequency Dependency ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Unilateral Brain

1. In the previous manuscript I suggested a frequency dependency to olivocochlear bundle (OCB)-mediated protection from loud sound by showing protection for binaural compared with monaural 11-kHz exposures but not 3-kHz exposures of the same intensity and duration. To determine whether this was the case, experiments were carried out in barbiturate-anesthetized cats using the paradigm of a unilateral brain stem incision to deefferent one cochlea in each animal before presentation of a binaural loud sound exposure. With equal-intensity, equal-duration binaural exposures, in different groups protection in OCB-intact compared with OCB-cut ears was seen only for exposures at 11, 15, or 20 kHz, but not at 3 or 7 kHz, suggesting that OCB-mediated protection was found only for higher-frequency exposures. This would be consistent with the OCB-mediated protection in guinea pig studies where 10-kHz exposures were used and its absence in a study in cats where 6-kHz exposures were used. However, this conclusion had to be qualified by the fact that the lower-frequency exposures resulted in smaller threshold losses than did the higher-frequency exposures. 2. To determine whether OCB-mediated protection could be obtained for lower-frequency exposures that were made as damaging as or more damaging than the high-frequency exposures, longer-duration, lower-frequency exposures were used. OCB-mediated protection could then be obtained for exposure at 7 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 15 min but not at 3 or 5 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 20 min or at 3 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 40 min or 106 dB SPL for 20 min. Finally, when large threshold losses were produced with exposure at 3 kHz, 106 dB SPL for 40 min, OCB-mediated protection could be obtained for this low-frequency exposure too. These effects suggested that there were different “activation threshold” for OCB-mediated protection as a function of exposure frequency. To determine whether this also applied for the higher-frequency exposures (11, 15, and 20 kHz), all of which had elicited OCB-mediated protection when presented at 100 dB SPL for 10 min, these exposure frequencies were presented at 100 dB SPL for 7 min to produce low threshold losses. Now protection was found for the 11- and 15-kHz exposures but not for the 20-kHz exposure. 3. Thus the activation threshold for OCB-mediated protection varied in a frequency-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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