Neuroborreliosis

Neuroborreliosis, an infection of the nervous system by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is a controversial entity both in its proper diagnosis and management. In this chapter, we review the common presentations of Lyme infection affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems, the utility of diagnostic screening and confirmatory tests, and the recommended course of antibiotic treatment.

Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. I. Its general distribution in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system demonstrated by immunofluorescence in frozen and plastic sections.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.96.5.1337 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 1337-1354 ◽

Cited By ~ 345

Author(s):

P De Camilli ◽

R Cameron ◽

P Greengard

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Specific Protein ◽

Nerve Cells ◽

General Distribution ◽

Synapsin I ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Synaptic Region ◽

Specific Localization ◽

Synapsin I (formerly referred to as protein I) is the collective name for two almost identical phosphoproteins, synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib (protein Ia and protein Ib), present in the nervous system. Synapsin I has previously been shown by immunoperoxidase studies (De Camilli, P., T. Ueda, F. E. Bloom, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5977-5981; Bloom, F. E., T. Ueda, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5982-5986) to be a neuron-specific protein, present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and concentrated in the synaptic region of nerve cells. In those preliminary studies, the occurrence of synapsin I could be demonstrated in only a portion of synapses. We have now carried out a detailed examination of the distribution of synapsin I immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study we have attempted to maximize the level of resolution of immunohistochemical light microscopy images in order to estimate the proportion of immunoreactive synapses and to establish their precise distribution. Optimal results were obtained by the use of immunofluorescence in semithin sections (approximately 1 micron) prepared from Epon-embedded nonosmicated tissues after the Epon had been removed. Our results confirm the previous observations on the specific localization of synapsin I in nerve cells and synapses. In addition, the results strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsin I. Finally, immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses. In two accompanying papers (De Camilli, P., S. M. Harris, Jr., W. B. Huttner, and P. Greengard, and Huttner, W. B., W. Schiebler, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli, 1983, J. Cell Biol. 96:1355-1373 and 1374-1388, respectively), evidence is presented that synapsin I is specifically associated with synaptic vesicles in nerve endings.

Cytochemical observations on the nervous system of adult Corrigia vitta

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00013122 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 189-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. A. Magee ◽

M. Cahir ◽

D. W. Halton ◽

C. F. Johnston ◽

C. Shaw

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Egg Production ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Confocal Scanning ◽

Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽

Confocal Scanning Laser ◽

Nerve Cords

AbstractAdult Corrigia vitta (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidea) inhabit the pancreatic duct of the fieldmouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, where, in numbers, they may occlude the duct lumen and prevent the flow of pancreatic secretions. Enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy, have been used to examine the localization and distribution of cholinergic. serotoninergic (5-HT, serotonin) and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the adult worm. All three classes of neuronal mediator showed a common pattern of staining, occurring throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Of the four peptide immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated (pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), substance P (SP), FMRFamide), PP-IR was the most predominant, occurring not only within the central ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords, but also in subtegumental plexuses and in fibres associated with the egg-forming apparatus. PYY and FMRFamide IRs were evident throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems; FMRFamide immunostaining, in particular, highlighted innervation of the ootype and immunoreactive cell bodies around the Mehlis' gland. Both SP- and 5-HT-IRs were restricted to the cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cords and associated cell bodies. The distribution pattems of these peptides and 5-HT within the nervous system of C. vitta suggest they are likely to function as neuronal mediators. PP, PYY and FMRFamide may also serve in regulating egg production.

Unraveling the differential dynamics of developmental fate in central and peripheral nervous systems

10.1101/072579 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Dola Sengupta ◽

Sandip Kar

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Regulatory Proteins ◽

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽

Wild Type ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Over Expression ◽

Developmental Fate ◽

Morphogenetic Protein ◽

Developmental Dynamics

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), differentially regulates the developmental lineage commitment of neural stem cells (NSC’s) in central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the precise mechanism beneath such observations still remains illusive. To decipher the intricacies of this mechanism, we propose a generic mathematical model of BMP2 driven differentiation regulation of NSC’s. The model efficiently captures the dynamics of the wild-type as well as various mutant and over-expression phenotypes for NSC’s in central nervous system. Our model predicts that the differential developmental dynamics of the NSC’s in peripheral nervous system can be reconciled by altering the relative positions of the two mutually interconnected bi-unstable switches inherently present in the steady state dynamics of the crucial developmental fate regulatory proteins as a function of BMP2 dose. This model thus provides a novel mechanistic insight and has the potential to deliver exciting therapeutic strategies for neuronal regeneration from NSC’s of different origin.

Cephalochordate Nervous System

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.207 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Simona Candiani ◽

Mario Pestarino

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Nervous System ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Molecular Methods ◽

Neuronal Circuits ◽

Serotonergic Neurons ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

System P ◽

History Of ◽

The central and peripheral nervous systems of amphioxus adults and larvae are characterized by morphofunctional features relevant to understanding the origins and evolutionary history of the vertebrate CNS. Classical neuroanatomical studies are mainly on adult amphioxus, but there has been a recent focus, both by TEM and molecular methods, on the larval CNS. The latter is small and remarkably simple, and new data on the localization of glutamatergic, GABAergic/glycinergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons within the larval CNS are now available. In consequence, it has been possible begin the process of identifying specific neuronal circuits, including those involved in controlling larval locomotion. This is especially useful for the insights it provides into the organization of comparable circuits in the midbrain and hindbrain of vertebrates. A much better understanding of basic chordate CNS organization will eventually be possible when further experimental data will emerge.

Section Review Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Mechanisms of apoptosis as drug targets in the central nervous system

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents ◽

10.1517/13543776.6.4.345 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 345-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul Spence ◽

Rodrigo Franco ◽

Andrew Wood ◽

John A Moyer

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

A Case of Stiffness in the Legs and Gradual Difficulty Walking

Neuroimmunology ◽

10.1093/med/9780190693190.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

Aaron E. Miller ◽

Tracy M. DeAngelis ◽

Michelle Fabian ◽

Ilana Katz Sand

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Spastic Paraparesis ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Peripheral Neuropathies ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Difficulty Walking

Atlanto-axial subluxation, which causes a spastic paraparesis, is a relatively rare, but very important to recognize, complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The presence of myelopathy usually warrants surgical intervention. Other central nervous system manifestations of RA are very unusual, but occasionally involvement of the leptomeninges occurs. A variety of peripheral neuropathies may occur, but most common are compressive neuropathies caused by tenosynovitis or joint deformities. In addition to the neurological complications of RA itself, a variety of neurological complications, both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems, may be associated with the medications used to treat the disease.

Pregnancy Physiology

10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lauren A. Miller ◽

Mary N. Towner

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Immune System ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Pregnant Patient ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Current State ◽

And Function ◽

In Pregnancy

This chapter discusses the complex physiologic changes that take place in the immune and nervous system of the pregnant patient. Shifts in cellular production and function as well as the dramatic alterations in hormone concentrations observed in pregnancy are described. The chapter also reviews the current understanding of the major gestational hormones’ roles within the immune and nervous system. We will also summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the physiologic effects of pregnancy, focusing on the effects of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin on the female immune system and central and peripheral nervous systems. Whenever possible, the clinical relevance of such immunologic and neurologic adaptations to pregnancy will be highlighted.

Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0017 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Aaron E. Miller ◽

Teresa M. DeAngelis

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Nervous System ◽

Adverse Event ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Therapeutic Options ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory multi-organ disorder, which can affect the nervous system either directly or indirectly, or as an adverse event secondary to the immunotherapies used to treat the disease. In this chapter, we review the diagnostic criteria for SLE, the possible ways it can affect the central and peripheral nervous systems, and therapeutic options.

The effects of ionic lanthanum and hypertonic physiological salines on the nervous systems of larval and adult stick insects

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.18.2.271 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 271-286

Author(s):

R.A. Leslie

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Diffusion Barrier ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Stick Insect ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Carausius Morosus ◽

Nerve Sheath ◽

Ionic Lanthanum ◽

Stick Insects ◽

The effects of the electron-opaque tracer ionic lanthanum in various concentrations and of hyperosmotic physiological salines on the nervous system of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, have been studied. Examination of the experimentally treated tissues revealed that the diffusion barrier to the exogenous tracer was maintained in all cases in the adult central and peripheral nervous systems, but not in the hatchling. When hatchling nervous tissues were incubated in 50 mM ionic lanthanum in phyerosmotic physiological saline, the tracer readily infiltrated all the extracellular spaces between axons and glia of all components of the nervous system examined. No difference was noted in this regard between fed and unfed hatchlings, Further, in all cases examined of adults and hatchlings, lanthanum readily surrounded those neurosecretory axons which are found in the neutral lamella, or extracellular nerve sheath, of the insect. The possible meanings of these variations in hatchling and adult nervous systems and in the accessibility of different elements of the nervous system to exogenous ionic lanthanum are discussed.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053024 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 44-45

Author(s):

Ezzatollah Keyhani

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Nervous System ◽

Common Property ◽

Extracellular Medium ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Common ◽

Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.