Anticipating and Solving Problems

2007 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Treatment Model ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Common Problems

Chapter 6 discusses common problems that may interfere with treatment, how to anticipate and solve problems and difficulties that may occur, the importance of the PE treatment model, methods of implementing effective in vivo and imaginal exposure (modifications to in vivo and imaginal exposure, under-engagement, and over-engagement) and other obstacles to successful exposures (avoidance, anger, and negative emotions).

Treating Spider Phobics with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A Controlled Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Muris ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Behavioural Avoidance

The present study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-four spider phobic subjects were randomly assigned to either (1) an EMDR group (n=8), (2) an imaginal exposure group (n=8), or (3) a control group (n=8). Both the EMDR and the imaginal exposure group underwent a one-hour treatment. The control group initially received no treatment, and waited for one hour. Next, all groups received exposure in vivo. Treatment outcome was evaluated with a standardized Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT). No evidence was found for EMDR being more effective than imaginal exposure or waiting list control. In fact, only exposure in vivo therapy resulted in significant improvement on the BAT.

Session 1

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Presenting Problems ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
In The Beginning

In the beginning of this first PE session, the therapist presents the patient with an overall rationale for PE and describes the main tools of the therapy: imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure. The therapist uses the Trauma Interview to collect general information about the immediate presenting problems, the patient’s functioning, the traumatic experience(s), physical and mental health since the trauma, social support, and use of alcohol and drugs. The Trauma Interview is also designed to aid in the identification of the target trauma. This is the traumatic memory that will be the focus of treatment. Identifying the target trauma is a critical element of effective PE. The patient is also taught breathing retraining in this session.

Variations and How to Decide

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum ◽  
Erin R. Smith ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Program Design ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient

This therapist guide presents the scaffold and structure for the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP). The program is focused on exposure as provided through individual imaginal exposure and group in vivo exposure. The format presented is based primarily on the model used in the Emory Healthcare Veterans Program (EHVP), but this chapter provides a focus on the most common variations in program design with a discussion of how to decide between the different potential variations. Relevant inclusions and exclusions are presented along with rationales.

scholarly journals Molecular counting by photobleaching in protein complexes with many subunits: best practices and application to the cellulose synthesis complex

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 3630-3642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalei Chen ◽  
Nathan C. Deffenbaugh ◽  
Charles T. Anderson ◽  
William O. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
Step Detection ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Common Problems

The constituents of large, multisubunit protein complexes dictate their functions in cells, but determining their precise molecular makeup in vivo is challenging. One example of such a complex is the cellulose synthesis complex (CSC), which in plants synthesizes cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. In growing plant cells, CSCs exist in the plasma membrane as six-lobed rosettes that contain at least three different cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms, but the number and stoichiometry of CESAs in each CSC are unknown. To begin to address this question, we performed quantitative photobleaching of GFP-tagged AtCESA3-containing particles in living Arabidopsis thaliana cells using variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy and developed a set of information-based step detection procedures to estimate the number of GFP molecules in each particle. The step detection algorithms account for changes in signal variance due to changing numbers of fluorophores, and the subsequent analysis avoids common problems associated with fitting multiple Gaussian functions to binned histogram data. The analysis indicates that at least 10 GFP-AtCESA3 molecules can exist in each particle. These procedures can be applied to photobleaching data for any protein complex with large numbers of fluorescently tagged subunits, providing a new analytical tool with which to probe complex composition and stoichiometry.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Paruresis: A Case Report

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan P. C. Jaspers
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Treatment Model ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Social Phobias ◽  
Cognitive Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Exposure In Vivo

This article reviews directive interventions for paruresis, the inability to urinate in the proximity of others. As in treatments for other anxiety disorders, historical interventions have included the use of paradoxical intention and several different forms of exposure. The results of pharmacological treatment have not proven promising. Although a multidimensional treatment model has been recommended, little attention has been paid to treating cognitive components of the problem. In this paper, a single case is described in which cognitive components of the problem of paruresis were evident. A cognitive approach and exposure in vivo were applied. Measures of successful trials were obtained over 18 weeks. The combination of cognitive interventions and gradual exposure was effective in reducing paruresis. At follow-up 6 mo. later results had been maintained. The results of this case suggest more attention to the cognitive components is appropriate in the treatment of paruresis, as was stated previously for other specific social phobias.

Design and Validation of Virtual Environments for the Treatment of OCD related to fear to contamination (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoilo Emilio Garcia-Batista Sr ◽  
Kiero Guerra-Peña Sr ◽  
Ivan Alsina-Jurnet ◽  
Antonio Cano-Vindel ◽  
Adriana M. Álvarez-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Anxiety Levels

UNSTRUCTURED “Exposure therapy is highly effective to treat cleaning obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, traditional techniques, such as in vivo or imaginal exposure, show important limits that make the adherence to the treatment and/or the correct emotional activation difficult. Virtual Reality (VR) is a potential alternative to overcome such inconveniences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop virtual environments clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Based on this, two scenarios were developed, with progressive levels of dirtiness: a public restroom and a kitchen. Both were applied to a clinical group (18 patients with cleaning OCD) and to a control one (22 without OCD). Both scenarios produced anxiety levels significantly higher in the clinical group. This result is a valuable support for the clinical use of these environments”.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel K. Chesham ◽  
John M. Malouff ◽  
Nicola S. Schutte
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Virtual Reality Exposure

AbstractSocial anxiety is a common, debilitating psychological problem. In the present study, two meta-analyses examined the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety. The first meta-analysis tested whether virtual reality exposure therapy reduces social anxiety more than a waitlist control condition. The results of the first meta-analysis, consisting of six studies and 233 participants, showed a significant overall effect size, indicating that virtual reality exposure therapy was effective in reducing social anxiety. The second meta-analysis tested whether the standard treatment for social anxiety, which includes in vivo or imaginal exposure, leads to greater effects than virtual reality exposure therapy. The second meta-analysis, consisting of seven studies and 340 total participants, showed essentially no difference in effect sizes between virtual reality exposure and in vivo or imaginal exposure. The results of the two meta-analyses support the use of virtual reality in the treatment of social anxiety.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Threat To Life

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a fear and stress disorder that may develop after an event that is experienced or witnessed and involves actual or perceived threat to life or physical integrity to oneself or a loved one. This chapter discusses the characteristics of the disorder and explains both prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and Emotional Processing Theory. Readers will learn about the benefits and risks of the treatment as well as what is involved. The main tools of this therapy program, imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, are presented.

Novel Ways to Use Exposure for Eating Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Carolyn Black Becker ◽  
Nicholas R. Farrell ◽  
Glenn Waller
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Magical Thinking ◽  
Interoceptive Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Eating Disorder Treatment ◽  
Disorder Treatment ◽  
Novel Approaches

Three relatively novel approaches to the use of exposure for eating disorders are considered. Each is relatively experimental in treating eating disorders but is well established in treating anxiety-based disorders. Interoceptive exposure can be used to treat distress over bodily cues (e.g., fullness). Imaginal exposure can be used to elevate and treat anxiety as a prelude to in vivo exposure, although it should be used only when necessary. Finally, exposure can be used to address “magical thinking,” such as thought–shape fusion. These methods show promise with eating disorder treatment but are in the early stages of conceptualization and development. Their use should be treated as experimental at present, and clinicians should be alert to their impact in clinical practice.

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