On Westphalian Woodworms and Rhenish Missionaries: The Soest Conductus Fragments and Their Afterlife

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-237
Author(s):  
Eva M Maschke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Original Music ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Respective Host ◽  
Music Manuscript

Abstract Examining the Soest conductus fragments, of which five single leaves have so far been rediscovered, this article analyses the different layers of use and reuse that can be deduced. First, a detailed account of the circumstances under which these manuscript fragments travelled with (or without) their respective host volumes is given. The music manuscript must have been discarded by the fifteenth century, as a bookbinder from the Dominican convent of Soest in Westphalia reused various leaves of it in a series of autographs written by Jacob of Soest, who died in 1438. After the dissolution of the convent’s library in the course of nineteenth-century secularization, further contexts of reuse and dismemberment pertaining to the fragments can be demonstrated. Secondly, the remnants of the original music manuscript are analysed. The use of the two-part conductus O crux ave spes unica (H4) as the opening piece of a fascicle can be connected to the dedication of the Soest Dominican house to the Holy Cross. In comparison to other fragmentary sources that made their way to the German-speaking area, as well as the long-known codices F, W1, and W2, the Soest music manuscript seems closest to W2. While, however, these two codices show significant parallels in terms of mise-en-page and copying process, the choice of repertory might have deliberately differed. This points to production in the same workshop, but for different commissioners.

The revolution of Fās in 869/1465 and the death of Sultan ‘Abd al-ḥaqq al-Marīnī

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes García-Arenal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Original Stories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
The Revolution

If our present knowledge of the history of the Muslim Maghrib is in general unsatisfactory, few periods remain as obscure as the fifteenth century.The extant sources are very scarce. Contemporary Maghribī historical writings are practically non-existent and, with few exceptions, this is still an epoch for which Christian chronicles are not yet really relevant. Only fragmentary and partial information can be extracted from the contemporary Spanish and Portuguese documents. Therefore, we have to rely for our knowledge on the so-called manāqib literature or hagiographic dictionaries which proliferated in Morocco during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These volumes—many of which were lithographed in Fās during the nineteenth century—cannot be considered a first-rate source. They are posterior to the period dealt with and appear as versions of a traditional history composed over the years by agglomeration, repetition, and revision from a series of original stories which may be doubtful, even though they are hallowed by time and usage, and fortified by the weight of respectability. Committed to writing, they have acquired the seal of authority and have seldom been challenged.

The Fonte Gaia from Renaissance to Modern Times

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara E. Scappini ◽  
David Boffa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of

The Fonte Gaia from Renaissance to Modern Times examines the history of Siena's famous public fountain, from its fifteenth-century origins to its eventual replacement by a copy in the nineteenth century (and the modern fate of both). The book explores how both the Risorgimento and the Symbolist movements have shaped our perceptions of the Italian Renaissance, as the Quattrocento was filtered through the lens of contemporary art and politics.

"[...] über die outrirte, willkürliche Bezeichnung"

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Popular Medium ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Joseph Joachim

Instructive editions from the late 19th and early 20th century include various annotations regarding musical and interpretative aspects, such as articulation, bowings, fingerings, dynamics, note values, or vibrato As a popular medium at the time, instructive editions were often in the centre of contemporary discussions and attracted the attention of musicians and music teachers, bequeathing us a wide corpus of valuable sources. Joseph Joachim was arguably the most prominent violinist and a sought-after pedagogue in the German-speaking world at the time. Hitherto unknown letters as well as revisited statements by Joachim lead to new insights regarding his attitude towards instructive editions: he viewed them - despite his (few) publications in this genre - very critically, as he was convinced that detailed instructions would limit the freedom of the performer. He instead preferred editions without annotations, but interpreted the music freely andd variably in what he considered the spirit of the composer. Joachim's attitude thus poses general questions as to the role and freedom of performance and interpretation in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The Ta'līf akhbār al-qurūn min umarā' bilad Ilūrin: A Critique

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
H.O. Danmole
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Unpublished Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Ibadan ◽  
Local Languages

Before the advent of colonialism, Arabic was widely used in northern Nigeria where Islam had penetrated before the fifteenth century. The jihād of the early nineteenth century in Hausaland led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, the revitalization of Islamic learning, and scholars who kept records in Arabic. Indeed, some local languages such as Hausa and Fulfulde were reduced to writing in Arabic scripts. Consequently, knowledge of Arabic is a crucial tool for the historian working on the history of the caliphate.For Ilorin, a frontier emirate between Hausa and Yorubaland, a few Arabic materials are available as well for the reconstruction of the history of the emirate. One such document is the Ta'līf akhbār al-qurūn min umarā' bilad Ilūrin (“The History of the Emirs of Ilorin”). In 1965 Martin translated, edited, and published the Ta'līf in the Research Bulletin of the Centre for Arabic Documentation at the University of Ibadan as a “New Arabic History of Ilorin.” Since then many scholars have used the Ta'līf in their studies of Ilorin and Yoruba history. Recently Smith has affirmed that the Ta'līf has been relatively neglected. He attempts successfully to reconstruct the chronology of events in Yorubaland, using the Ta'līf along with the Ta'nis al-ahibba' fi dhikr unara' Gwandu mawa al-asfiya', an unpublished work of Dr. Junaid al-Bukhari, Wazīr of Sokoto, and works in English. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information in the Ta'līf by comparing its evidence with that of other primary sources which deal with the history of Ilorin and Yorubaland.

scholarly journals Images of the Gentleman in Victorian Fiction

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mahmut Terci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Victorian Fiction ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Enormous Number ◽  
English Culture ◽  
Exact Definition

The term ‘gentleman’ has been used in English culture by an enormous number of people loading varied meanings to its concept. The idea of the ‘gentleman’ has attracted many historians, philosophers, religious figures and writers. Countless comments have been uttered and a large number of studies have been written about it and probably many more will be published in the future. Who were or are called gentlemen then or now? What qualities are necessary for a person to be a gentleman? How does a historian, a philosopher, a social scientist, a religious figure or a writer define the term gentleman? In which period of history being a gentleman was fashionable? The complex mixture of qualities expected in a gentleman such as his ‘birthright’, ‘education’, ‘wealth’, ‘income’, ‘vocation’, ‘civic responsibilities’ and ‘personal virtue’ have made it difficult to pinpoint exact definition. Although it has been hard for everybody to pinpoint an exact definition for the term because of its connotations with ‘masculinity’, ‘social class’, ‘manners’, ‘morality’ and ‘Englishness’ we have brought varied views of critics, writers and important figures to observe their point of views. We need to see the gentleman’s social position in the English gentry and his evolution from fifteenth century to nineteenth century. While the gentleman’s chivalric qualities used to play important roles as well as his social status and wealth in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the gentleman’s manners and morals gained more importance in the coming up centuriesThe purpose of this paper is to offer a clearer picture of the concept of the gentleman especially in the Victorian times.

scholarly journals Functions of ‘Madrasas’ in the Ottoman Period

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Ayla Akbash
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
And Training

In this study certain educational institutions such as madrassahs, kulliyes and mosques that contributed to environment in terms of education in the Ottoman period (middle of the fifteenth century-beginning of the nineteenth century)are researched with regards to educational system, curriculum, mudarrises, students and training. The functions and effects of the madrassahs at that time as well as their reflection in our time are dealt with. In this context, some educational institutions included by certain Anatolian madrassahs such as darulkurra, darulhadith, sahnıseman and schools, which are currently existed and not, have been taken in examination. Incorporating madrassahs, which are public instutions in the Ottoman period, in the state organisation has been started with the Fatih madrassahs that were established by Fatih (Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror) and structuring of madrassah order was quickened after the conquest. In time, the cities such as İstanbul (capital city), Edirne, Bursa, İznik, Trabzon, Konya and Diyarbakır have had the most madrassahs. The large majority of madrassahs of Sinan the Architect have been built in Anatolia and in other cities of the Empire. The first Ottoman madrassah was established in İznik and has become widespread in time. In consequence of being institutions in which training was giving according to the curriculum and ratification of mudarris and having distinctive architectural characteristics in their cubicles, porches, classes, iwans and şadırvans gave rise to them having a respectable position in the society. It is commented that the madrassahs that are the symbol of classical Ottoman arcitecture have been retrograded later on. In the scope of madrassahs located in the Antalya region the importance and contribution of them, which have been improved as the reflection of the social changes and have been opened to changes with their internal/external dynamics, and their capability of being met the requirements of society have been examined and explained descriptively together with their contributions to educational mantality in our time.

The Testator’s Villainy

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Jonathan Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
English Poet ◽  
John Skelton ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Francois Villon ◽  
American Poets

The poetry and persona of François Villon have been subject to transcultural reinvention since the fifteenth century (and especially since the nineteenth century, among Anglo-American poets). The legend of Villon goes back to an impecunious poet–criminal who disappeared in 1463, and who both encourages and resists a historicizing interpretation of villainy through his works. This chapter reassesses the singularity of the testator persona in Le Testament Villon (c.1461–2) in his complex vilifying manoeuvres. Some of these have distinct parallels in the early sixteenth-century works of the English poet John Skelton. Yet Villon idiosyncratically instantiates poetic discourse as a para-legal means of attesting to the rigours of torture, where the villain-poet is a direct (if unreliable) witness of his own subjection to judicial punishment.

Hotel and Motel

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Ian Thrall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Look ◽  
Retail Shopping

The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area comes into the analysis as an umbrella over these three concepts. Market niche and segmentation, demand, and supply are primary determinants to establishing the criteria for locating hospitality facilities. Whenever there have been sufficient numbers of travelers in search of food and shelter, some form of hostelry industry has arisen.1 The Code of Hammurabi (1800 B.C.E) referred to innkeeping (Winfree 1996). In the western countries, as the Romans established an extensive roadway system, taverns and inns followed at strategically spaced locations. The Roman roads were used for military travel, trade and commerce, and pilgrimage and tourism. These are the primary reasons we use roads today. The early inns were largely run by religious orders. However, in Europe, as commerce grew in the fifteenth century, lodging as a commercial activity began to replace innkeeping as a charitable activity. In the American colonial period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, inns and taverns were an important part of commerce and cultural exchange. These facilities were designed after the inns and taverns of England, which were closely integrated into their communities. Inns and taverns did not intrude or disrupt the neighborhood; instead, they were thought of as being an integral part of the culture and activities of the neighborhood. Architecturally, early inns and taverns conformed to the look and feel of the surrounding neighborhood environment. Survivors of these early inns are the contemporary bed-and-breakfasts (B&Bs). The term hotel arose early in the nineteenth century and was used to distinguish a greater level of commercial activity than an inn. Hotels offered food, drink, retail shopping, and lodging. Hotels were also more intrusive in their neighborhoods. Instead of less than 10 rooms that typified many inns of the era, early hotels contained as many as 200 rooms, and rose to 6 floors in height. Many nineteenth-century hotels were the tallest buildings in town. Thus, the hospitality industry began its first cautious attempts at market segmentation and diversification. Inns remained, but hotels offered an alternative experience via amenity differentiation.

scholarly journals Defining Hellenistic Jews in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Case of Jacob Bernays and Jacob Freudenthal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-342
Author(s):  
Paul Michael Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
Hellenistic Judaism ◽  
Jewish Writers

Hellenic language and culture occupy a deeply ambivalent place in the mapping of Jewish history. If the entanglement of the Jewish and the Greek became especially conflicted for modern Jews in philhellenic Europe, nowhere was it more vexed than in the German-speaking lands of the long nineteenth century. Amidst the modern redefinition of what it meant to be Jewish as well as doubts about the genuine Jewishness of Hellenistic Judaism, how did scholars identify Jewish authorship behind ambiguous, fragmented, and interpolated texts – all the more with much of the Hebraic allegedly deprived by the Hellenic? This article not only argues for the contingency of diagnostic features deployed to define the Jewish amidst the Greek but also maintains the embeddedness of those features in nineteenth-century Germany. It scrutinizes the criteria deployed to establish Jewish texts and authors of the Hellenistic period: the claims and qualities assumedly suggestive of Judaism. First, the inquiry investigates which characteristics German Jewish scholars expected to see in Greek-speaking Jewish writers of antiquity, interrogating their procedures and their verdicts. Second, it examines how these expectations of antiquity corresponded to those scholars’ own modern world. The analysis centers on Jacob Bernays (1824–1881) and Jacob Freudenthal (1839–1907), two savants who helped establish the modern study of Hellenistic Judaism. Each overturned centuries of learned consensus by establishing an ancient author – Pseudo-Phocylides and Eupolemus, respectively – as Jewish, rather than Christian or pagan. This article ultimately reveals the subtle entanglements as well as the mutually conditioning forces not only of antiquity and modernity but also of the personal and academic, manifest both in the philological analysis of ancient texts and in the larger historiography of antique Judaism in the Graecophone world.

An Armenian Involvement in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
David W. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
British India ◽  
Queen Victoria

Abstract:Two Armenian ecclesiastics from Jerusalem, Isaac and Dimothéos, visited Abyssinia in 1867–1869. The latter’s detailed account of their journey was promptly published, grandiloquently dedicated (with formal permission) to Queen Victoria. The journey has nonetheless received little attention from historians, and the reasons it was made have been poorly understood. An intention to seek release of Europeans imprisoned by King Tewodros (Theodore) of Ethiopia was overtaken by events, the captives’ release being achieved by an expedition from British India before the Armenians arrived. Emphasis was consequently placed on involvement with local politics and ecclesiastical intrigue, both of which are discussed in this paper.

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