River Valleys Shaped the Maternal Genetic Landscape of Han Chinese

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1643-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chun Li ◽  
Wei-Jian Ye ◽  
Chuan-Gui Jiang ◽  
Zhen Zeng ◽  
Jiao-Yang Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
The North ◽  
Main River ◽  
Migration Barriers ◽  
Genetic Landscape ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Relative Migration

AbstractA general south-north genetic divergence has been observed among Han Chinese in previous studies. However, these studies, especially those on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), are based either on partial mtDNA sequences or on limited samples. Given that Han Chinese comprise the world’s largest population and reside around the whole China, whether the north-south divergence can be observed after all regional populations are considered remains unknown. Moreover, factors involved in shaping the genetic landscape of Han Chinese need further investigation. In this study, we dissected the matrilineal landscape of Han Chinese by studying 4,004 mtDNA haplogroup-defining variants in 21,668 Han samples from virtually all provinces in China. Our results confirmed the genetic divergence between southern and northern Han populations. However, we found a significant genetic divergence among populations from the three main river systems, that is, the Yangtze, the Yellow, and the Zhujiang (Pearl) rivers, which largely attributed to the prevalent distribution of haplogroups D4, B4, and M7 in these river valleys. Further analyses based on 4,986 mitogenomes, including 218 newly generated sequences, indicated that this divergence was already established during the early Holocene and may have resulted from population expansion facilitated by ancient agricultures along these rivers. These results imply that the maternal gene pools of the contemporary Han populations have retained the genetic imprint of early Neolithic farmers from different river basins, or that river valleys represented relative migration barriers that facilitated genetic differentiation, thus highlighting the importance of the three ancient agricultures in shaping the genetic landscape of the Han Chinese.

Craft specialization and social organization in the Chalcolithic Deccan, India

Antiquity ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 796-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasant Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Site Location ◽  
The North ◽  
Main River ◽  
Major River ◽  
Farming Village ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
River Valleys

The Deccan Chalcolithic and its sitesSystematic archaeological research began in the Deccan after 1950 when a Chalcolithic settlement was discovered at Jorwe near Sangamner in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra state. The Deccan, which includes the present states of Maharashtra, (except for the western coast and some parts of Vidarbha in the east) and northern Karnataka, falls in a semi-arid zone with a precipitation ranging between 400 and 900 mm. There are three major river valleys in the Deccan, the Tapi in the north, the Godavari in the centre and the Bhima in the south. Microecological variations in each valley have considerably affected the settlement patterns of the early farmers. Altogether 150 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered in this part of India. The Tapi valley in the north, considered to be one of the most fertile tracts in the country and well watered by the Tapi and several of its perennial tributaries, was extensively occupied, for over 100 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered there (Shinde in press). It was also observed that there was a general tendency to locate a settlement away from the main river because of the danger posed by the severe monsoon floodings. Most of the settlements were located along the banks of its tributaries, which are safe. In the Godavari and Bhima basins, on the other hand, because of the inadequate perennial water supply and limited availability of fertile soil, there were sporadic settlements (Shinde 1989) (FIGURE1 ). On the basis of environmental studies, surface finds, site location, the extent and thickness of habitation deposits, the Chalcolithic sites in the Deccan have been divided into different categories such as a regional centre, a farming village, a farmstead, a herding unit, and a camp to exploit localized resources (Shinde in press).

scholarly journals Genetic landscape clustering of a large DNA barcoding dataset reveals shared patterns of genetic divergence among freshwater fishes of the Maroni Basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Papa ◽  
Pierre Yves Le Bail ◽  
Raphael Covain
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Genetic Landscape

The Maroni is one of the most speciose basins of the Guianas and hosts a megadiverse freshwater fish community. Although taxonomical references exist for both the Surinamese and Guyanese parts of the basin, these lists were mainly based on morphological identification and there are still taxonomical uncertainties concerning the status of several fish species. Here we present a barcode dataset of 1,284 COI sequences from 199 freshwater fish species (68.86% of the total number of strictly freshwater fishes from the basin) from 124 genera, 36 families, and 8 orders. DNA barcoding allowed for fast and efficient identification of all specimens studied as well as unveiling a consequent cryptic diversity, with the detection of 20 putative cryptic species and 5 species flagged for re-identification. In order to explore global genetic patterns across the basin, genetic divergence landscapes were computed for 128 species, showing a global trend of high genetic divergence between the Surinamese south-west (Tapanahony and Paloemeu), the Guianese south-east (Marouini, Litany, Tampok, Lawa…), and the river mouth in the north. This could be explained either by lower levels of connectivity between these three main parts or by the exchange of individuals with the surrounding basins. A new method of ordination of genetic landscapes successfully assigned species into cluster groups based on their respective pattern of genetic divergence across the Maroni Basin: genetically homogenous species across the basin were effectively discriminated from species showing high spatial genetic fragmentation and possible lower capacity for dispersal.

scholarly journals Genetic landscape clustering of a large DNA barcoding dataset reveals shared patterns of genetic divergence among freshwater fishes of the Maroni Basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Papa ◽  
Pierre Yves Le Bail ◽  
Raphael Covain
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Genetic Landscape

The Maroni is one of the most speciose basins of the Guianas and hosts a megadiverse freshwater fish community. Although taxonomical references exist for both the Surinamese and Guyanese parts of the basin, these lists were mainly based on morphological identification and there are still taxonomical uncertainties concerning the status of several fish species. Here we present a barcode dataset of 1,284 COI sequences from 199 freshwater fish species (68.86% of the total number of strictly freshwater fishes from the basin) from 124 genera, 36 families, and 8 orders. DNA barcoding allowed for fast and efficient identification of all specimens studied as well as unveiling a consequent cryptic diversity, with the detection of 20 putative cryptic species and 5 species flagged for re-identification. In order to explore global genetic patterns across the basin, genetic divergence landscapes were computed for 128 species, showing a global trend of high genetic divergence between the Surinamese south-west (Tapanahony and Paloemeu), the Guianese south-east (Marouini, Litany, Tampok, Lawa…), and the river mouth in the north. This could be explained either by lower levels of connectivity between these three main parts or by the exchange of individuals with the surrounding basins. A new method of ordination of genetic landscapes successfully assigned species into cluster groups based on their respective pattern of genetic divergence across the Maroni Basin: genetically homogenous species across the basin were effectively discriminated from species showing high spatial genetic fragmentation and possible lower capacity for dispersal.

Meadows of the North-Eastern Altai

2002 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Maltseva ◽  
N. I. Makunina
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Wet Meadows ◽  
Abies Sibirica ◽  
Dark Coniferous Forest ◽  
Hay Meadows ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Humid Area ◽  
River Valleys

The North-Eastern Altai is an ultra-humid area with climax vegetation represented by tall-herb fir (Abies sibirica) dark-coniferous forest. Its meadows belong to the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. The typical asso­ciation Aegopodio podagrariae—Dactyletum glomeratae originates in the watershed clearings after climax forests whereas ass. Hyperici perforati—Agrostietum giganteaereplaces the previous one under mowing and grazing. The Molinietalia wet meadows are widespread in the river valleys. The meadows of ass. Cirsio heterophylli—Calama­grostietum langsdorffii occur on wet soils in small depressions and along floodplain mire margins, and ass. Ca­rici ovalis—Deschampsietum cespitosae comprises typical floodplain hay-meadows on moist, nutrient-rich soils.

GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF RED MOMBIN IN THE NORTH OF ESPÍRITO SANTO STATE, BRAZIL

Nucleus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Anna Caroline Brinco Rocha ◽  
Layane Segantini Oliari ◽  
Letícia Abreu Simão ◽  
Juliany Morosini França ◽  
João Antônio Dutra Giles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
The North ◽  
Espirito Santo

Sources of Chlorophenolic Compounds to the Fraser River Estuary

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Carey ◽  
J. H. Hart
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Downstream Site ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
The North ◽  
Main River

Abstract The identity and concentrations of chlorophenolic compounds in the Fraser River estuary were determined under conditions of high and low river flow at three sites: a site upstream from the trifurcation and at downstream sites for each main river arm. Major chlorophenolics present under both flow regimes were 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG) and a compound tentatively identified as 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (3,4,5-TCG). Under high flow conditions, concentrations of the guaiacols were higher than any of the Chlorophenols and concentrations of all five chlorophenolics appeared to correlate. Under low flow conditions, concentrations of chloroguaiacols were higher than Chlorophenols at the upstream site and at the downstream site on the Main Arm, whereas at the downstream site on the North Arm, concentrations of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP were higher than the chloroguaiacols in some samples. Overall, the results indicate that pulp mills upstream from the estuary are important sources of chlorophenolics to the estuary under all flow conditions. Additional episodic inputs of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and PCP from lumber mills occur along the North Arm. When these inputs occur, they can cause the concentrations of Chlorophenols in the North Arm to exceed provisional objectives. If chloroguaiacols are included as part of the objective, concentrations of total chlorophenolics in water entering the estuary can approach and exceed these objectives, especially under low flow conditions.

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variation of NPP and its response to climatic factors in main river valleys on the southern slope of Qilian Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 01044
Author(s):  
Rong-rong Yang ◽  
Guang-chao Cao ◽  
Sheng-kui Cao ◽  
Yao Lan ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Qilian Mountain ◽  
Main River ◽  
River Valleys

Based on the NPP products of MODIS data, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of grassland NPP and its response to climatic factors in the vegetation growing season of the main river valleys in the southern slope of Qilian Mountains from 2000 to 2016 were carried out by correlation analysis and spatial interpolation. The research further provides a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of grassland ecosystems on the southern slope of Qilian Mountain and the rational use of grassland resources along the river. The results show that: (1) With the increasing distance of buffers on both sides of the river, the NPP of grassland in each year shows the characteristics of “single-peak” distribution, which is increased first and then decreased; (2) the NPP of grassland in the main river valley of the southern slope of Qilian Mountain The spatial distribution characteristics show a trend of increasing from northwest to southeast. (3) The spatial distribution of NPP and air temperature in the main river valleys of the southern slope of Qilian Mountains is gradually increasing from northwest to southeast, but the spatial distribution correlation coefficient of NPP and precipitation in the river valley grassland of vegetation growing season basically shows a trendof decreasing from northwest to southeast.

scholarly journals Genetic flow among olive populations within the Mediterranean basin

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina di Rienzo ◽  
Sara Sion ◽  
Francesca Taranto ◽  
Nunzio D’Agostino ◽  
Cinzia Montemurro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Background The olive tree is a typical crop of the Mediterranean basin where it shows a wide diversity, accounting for more than 2,600 cultivars. The ability to discriminate olive cultivars and determine their genetic variability is pivotal for an optimal exploitation of olive genetic resources. Methods We investigated the genetic diversity within 128 olive accessions belonging to four countries in the Mediterranean Basin (Italy, Algeria, Syria, and Malta), with the purpose of better understanding the origin and spread of the olive genotypes across Mediterranean Basin countries. Eleven highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used and proved to be very informative, producing a total of 179 alleles. Results Cluster analysis distinguished three main groups according to their geographical origin, with the current sample of Maltese accessions included in the Italian group. Phylogenetic analysis further differentiated Italian and Maltese olive accessions, clarifying the intermediate position of Maltese accessions along the x/y-axes of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Model-based and neighbor clustering, PCoA, and migration analysis suggested the existence of two different gene pools (Algerian and Syrian) and that the genetic exchange occurred between the Syrian, Italian and Maltese populations. Discussion The close relationship between Syrian and Italian and Maltese olives was consistent with the historical domestication and migration of olive tree from the North Levant to eastern Mediterranean basin. This study lays the foundations for a better understanding of olive genetic diversity in the Mediterranean basin and represents a step toward an optimal conservation and exploitation of olive genetic resources.

scholarly journals The inventory of vegetation cover of small river valleys in the north-east of the Samara Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Vera Valentinovna Solovieva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Small River ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right ◽  
River Valleys

The study covered 10 small rivers in the North-Eastern part of the Samara Volga region. The author studied the vegetation cover, which is understood as a set of phytocoenoses and their constituent plant species. On the territory of Pokhvistnevsky District, there are two groups of river valleys that are heterogeneous in geobotanical terms. The first group includes the rivers with forested valleys (Kutlugush, Murakla, Karmalka). Their slopes are more or less symmetrical and steep. The vegetation cover of an undeveloped floodplain is usually uniform, and there is usually no belt. The valleys of the second group are treeless; their slopes are sharply asymmetrical (Amanak, Tergala, Talkish). The right-bank tributary of the Maly Kinel River the Lozovka River with its length of 20 km and the left tributary Kuvayka River with its length of 16 km were studied on the territory of Kinel-Cherkassky District. The Padovka and Zaprudka rivers and the right tributaries of the Bolshoi Kinel River (Kinelsky District) were also studied. The most common associations are (Salix fragilis heteroherbosa, Scirpus sylvaticus purum, Agrostis stolonifera Amoria repens, Elytrigia repens + Poa angustifolia heteroherbosa). In total, 19 types of phytocoenoses were noted, 4 of them are found in half of the studied rivers. In the plant communities of small river valleys there are 232 species of higher wild plants, which belong to 139 genera from 48 families. This is 60% of the total number of higher plants registered in the flora of small river valleys of the Samara Region. Rare protected plant species are registered here: Adonis volgensis Steven ex DC., Cacalia hastata L., Delphinium cuneatum Stev. ex DC., Globularia punctata Lapeyr.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document