MO349IMPACT OF EARLY FLUID ADMINISTRATION ON INPATIENT MORTALITY AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 DISEASE

Abstract Background and Aims Initial WHO guidance advised cautious fluid administration for patients with COVID-19 due to concern about the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, as the pandemic unfolded it became apparent that patients who were admitted to hospital had high rates of AKI and this initiated a change in local clinical guidelines during early April 2020. We aimed to ascertain the impact of judicious intravenous fluid use on mortality, length of hospitalisation and AKI. Method An observational cohort study of 158 adults admitted with confirmed SARS-Cov-2 between 18th March and 9th May 2020 was conducted in a teaching hospital and designated centre for infectious diseases, London, UK. Key clinical and demographic data collected included clinical severity markers on admission, biochemical and haematological parameters as well as radiological findings. Primary outcomes were inpatient mortality, mortality at 6-weeks post discharge, length of hospitalisation and intensive care (ICU) admission. We also measured requirement for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) and AKI recovery rate at discharge. Using tests of difference, we compared key outcomes between patients treated with varying fluid regimens and then identified risk factors for AKI and mortality using multivariate logistic regression with results expressed as odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The median age was 74.4 (IQR 59.90 - 84.35) years, 66% were male, 53% white with hypertension and diabetes being the commonest co-morbidities. The median duration of illness prior to admission was 7 days (IQR 2 – 10) with respiratory symptoms and fever most prevalent. The people who presented with AKI on admission were more likely to receive fluids (34% vs 15%, p=0.02). 118 patients (75%) received fluids within 24-hours of admission with no difference in volume administered after local guidance change (p=0.78). Comparing patients receiving fluids with those who did not, we observed no difference in mortality (p=0.97), duration of hospital stays (p=0.26) or requirement for ICU admission (p=0.70). 18% died as an inpatient, and 52 patients were either admitted with or developed AKI. Of these 52 patients, 43 received fluids and 9 did not with no difference in KRT requirement (p=0.34), mortality (p=0.50) or AKI recovery (p=0.63). Peak AKI stage was greater among participants who received fluids though stage of AKI at presentation was also greater (p=0.04). Mortality rate in patients with an AKI is higher compared to overall inpatient mortality (31% vs 18%). Of the 36 patients with AKI who were discharged home, 25 patients (69.4%) had renal recovery by the time of discharge. Increasing age and clinical severity on admission were associated with higher mortality (see Figure 1). Older age was associated with 34 - 53 times higher risk of death compared with those aged ≤ 65 years (age 76 - 85 years: OR 34.26, 95% CI: 3.94 - 297.48, p=0.001; age > 85 years: OR 53.07, 95% CI: 5.23 - 539.03, p=0.001). Patients with NEWS2 >4 on admission has 5-fold increased risk of death than those with a score ≤4 (OR 5.26, 95% CI: 1.32 - 20.92). Black ethnicity was associated with a 16-fold increased risk of developing AKI (OR 15.86, 95% CI: 1.67 - 150.99). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of fluid management on inpatient mortality as well as on renal-associated outcomes of COVID-19 admission. Fluid administration regimen did not have an impact on mortality, length of hospitalisation or ICU admission, nor did it affect renal outcomes. Given the high rates of AKI and KRT in COVID-19 disease, early fluid administration is likely to be an important cornerstone of future management. Further adequately powered prospective studies are required to identify whether early fluid administration can reduce renal injury.

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Risk of clinical severity by age and race/ethnicity among adults hospitalized for COVID-19 — United States, March–September 2020

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa638 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Audrey F Pennington ◽

Lyudmyla Kompaniyets ◽

April D Summers ◽

Melissa L Danielson ◽

Alyson B Goodman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Poor Outcomes ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Older adults and people from certain racial and ethnic groups are disproportionately represented in COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. Methods Using data from the Premier Healthcare Database on 181,813 hospitalized adults diagnosed with COVID-19 during March–September 2020 we applied multivariable log-binomial regression to assess the associations between age and race/ethnicity and COVID-19 clinical severity (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], and death); and determine whether the impact of age on clinical severity differs by race/ethnicity. Results Overall, 84,497 (47%) patients were admitted to the ICU, 29,078 (16%) received IMV, and 27,864 (15%) died in the hospital. Increased age was strongly associated with clinical severity when controlling for underlying medical conditions and other covariates; the strength of this association differed by race/ethnicity. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients, risk of death was lower among non-Hispanic Black patients (adjusted risk ratio [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.92, 0.99]), and higher among Hispanic/Latino patients (RR [95% CI]: 1.15 [1.09, 1.20]), non-Hispanic Asian patients (RR [95% CI]: 1.16 [1.09, 1.23]), and patients of other racial and ethnic groups (RR [95% CI]: 1.13 [1.06, 1.21]). Risk of ICU admission and IMV was elevated among some racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions These results indicate that age is a driver of poor outcomes among hospitalized persons with COVID-19. Additionally, clinical severity may be elevated among patients of some racial and ethnic minority groups. Public health strategies to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among older adults and racial and ethnic minorities are essential to reduce poor outcomes.

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Hematologic Characteristics of Surviving Versus Non-Surviving COVID-19 Patients in Critical Care Units: Inner-City Hospital Experience, Detroit, MI

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2020-135869 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 33-34

Author(s):

Nino Balanchivadze ◽

Raef Fadel ◽

Jawad Sheqwara ◽

Philip Kuriakose

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Henry Ford Hospital ◽

City Hospital ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Henry Ford ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Background As the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the US, the city of Detroit rose as one of the earliest infection epicenters in the nation. Henry Ford Hospital serves a diverse multi ethnic population in the inner city and throughout metropolitan Detroit, and thus provided care to a significant percentage of COVID 19 patients in the state of Michigan. Retrospective reviews have described different hematologic abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. Various markers, such as lymphopenia, neutrophilia, elevated ferritin, and DDimer levels have been identified as predictors of poor outcomes, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hematologic characteristics on the risk of intubation and mortality in our unique patient population infected with COVID-19 who required ICU admission. Methods: This was a retrospective medical record review of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 requiring admission to adult ICU at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, from March 1 to April 15, 2020. The main outcomes assessed were death and need for intubation and mechanical ventilation. Results: A total of 229 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Of the 76 surviving patients analyzed, 40 (53%) were men and 36 (47%) were women, including 59 (78%) Black and 11 (14%) White patients. The mean age at presentation was 61 (SD, 15) years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (n=65 patients), followed by diabetes (n=39). Most surviving patients (n=60; 79%) were admitted to general practice units (GPU) and then transferred to ICU, while 49 (64%) patients required intubation. Among the 153 patients who died, 95 (62%) were men and 58 (38%) were women, with 41 (27%) being White and 99 (65%) Black. The mean age at presentation was 69 years (SD, 14.3). Hypertension was the most common presenting co-morbidity (n=118), followed by diabetes (n=72). More non-surviving patients were admitted directly to the ICU (n=71; 46%) and/or required intubation (n=147; 96%). Hematologic laboratory findings of the studied patients are represented in Table 1. Multivariate analysis of variables predictive of death and intubation are summarized in Table 2. Logistic modeling revealed an 18% increase in the odds of death and a 17% increase in odds of intubation for each unit increase in WBC. Also, for each unit increase in ANC, there was a 17% increase in odds of death and 21% increase in odds of intubation. Conclusions: Among patients with COVID-19 who required admission to ICU, Black patients were over-represented. Coronary artery disease (CAD), older age, and a lower oxygen saturation (SpO2) on initial triage in the emergency department were associated with increased mortality. A higher absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and white blood cell count (WBC) was associated with higher risk of intubation and death. Male sex and direct ICU admission were predictors of increased risk of intubation - and these patients were more likely to die. Contrary to other reports, lymphopenia did not increase odds of intubation or death in ICU, and neither the serum ferritin nor DDimer levels on admission were discriminators for death; however, higher peak levels during the hospitalization were linked to increased mortality. Inner city Black populations with advanced age, multiple co-morbidities, and COVID-19 may be at increased risk for ICU admission, and thereby at an increased risk of death. However, not all hematologic characteristics are generalizable with regard to intubation and mortality in ICU. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Hypertension is the major predictor of poor outcomes among inpatients with COVID-19 infection in the UK: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047561 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e047561

Author(s):

Ansu Basu ◽

Juliana Chizo Agwu ◽

Nicola Barlow ◽

Brian Lee

Keyword(s):

Cerebrovascular Disease ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Troponin I ◽

Social Deprivation ◽

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽

Inpatient Mortality ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases on inpatient mortality from COVID-19, and its relationship to ethnicity and social deprivation.DesignRetrospective, single-centre observational studySettingBirmingham, UK.Participants907 hospitalised patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from a multi-ethnic community, admitted between 1 March 2020 and 31 May 2020.Main outcome measuresThe primary analysis was an evaluation of cardiovascular conditions and diabetes in relation to ethnicity and social deprivation, with the end-point of inpatient death or death within 30 days of discharge. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to calculate HRs while adjusting for confounders.Results361/907 (39.8%) died in hospital or within 30 days of discharge. The presence of diabetes and hypertension together appears to confer the greatest mortality risk (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.80 to 4.21; p<0.001) compared with either condition alone. Age >65 years (OR 3.32; 95% CI 2.15 to 5.11), male sex (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.47 to 2.82), hypertension (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.61) and cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.68) were independently associated with increased risk of death. The mortality risk did not differ between the quintiles of deprivation. High-sensitivity troponin I was the best predictor of mortality among biomarkers (OR 4.43; 95% CI 3.10 to 7.10). Angiotensin-receptor blockers (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.96) and ACE inhibitors (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97) were not associated with adverse outcome. The Charlson Index of Comorbidity scores were significantly higher in non-survivors.ConclusionsThe combined prevalence of hypertension and diabetes appears to confer the greatest risk, where diabetes may have a modulating effect. Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease had a significant impact on inpatient mortality. Social deprivation and ethnicity did not have any effect once the patient was in hospital.

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Association between Intraoperative Blood Transfusion and Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0b013e3182054d06 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 114 (2) ◽

pp. 283-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 312

Author(s):

Laurent G. Glance ◽

Andrew W. Dick ◽

Dana B. Mukamel ◽

Fergal J. Fleming ◽

Raymond A. Zollo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Transfusion ◽

Noncardiac Surgery ◽

Pulmonary Complications ◽

Wound Complications ◽

Severe Anemia ◽

Thromboembolic Complications ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Background The impact of intraoperative erythrocyte transfusion on outcomes of anemic patients undergoing noncardiac surgery has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the association between blood transfusion and mortality and morbidity in patients with severe anemia (hematocrit less than 30%) who are exposed to one or two units of erythrocytes intraoperatively. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of the association of blood transfusion and 30-day mortality and 30-day morbidity in 10,100 patients undergoing general, vascular, or orthopedic surgery. We estimated separate multivariate logistic regression models for 30-day mortality and for 30-day complications. Results Intraoperative blood transfusion was associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.62). Patients receiving an intraoperative transfusion were more likely to have pulmonary, septic, wound, or thromboembolic complications, compared with patients not receiving an intraoperative transfusion. Compared with patients who were not transfused, patients receiving one or two units of erythrocytes were more likely to have pulmonary complications (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.48-2.09), sepsis (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.21-1.68), thromboembolic complications (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.32-2.38), and wound complications (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.47-2.37). Conclusions Intraoperative blood transfusion is associated with a higher risk of mortality and morbidity in surgical patients with severe anemia. It is unknown whether this association is due to the adverse effects of blood transfusion or is, instead, the result of increased blood loss in the patients receiving blood.

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Cross-sectional observational study of epidemiology of COVID-19 and clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients in North West London during March and April 2020

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044384 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e044384

Author(s):

Guduru Gopal Rao ◽

Alexander Allen ◽

Padmasayee Papineni ◽

Liyang Wang ◽

Charlotte Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Older Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North West ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to describe evolution, epidemiology and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in subjects tested at or admitted to hospitals in North West London.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingLondon North West Healthcare NHS Trust (LNWH).ParticipantsPatients tested and/or admitted for COVID-19 at LNWH during March and April 2020Main outcome measuresDescriptive and analytical epidemiology of demographic and clinical outcomes (intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation and mortality) of those who tested positive for COVID-19.ResultsThe outbreak began in the first week of March 2020 and reached a peak by the end of March and first week of April. In the study period, 6183 tests were performed in on 4981 people. Of the 2086 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases, 1901 were admitted to hospital. Older age group, men and those of black or Asian minority ethnic (BAME) group were predominantly affected (p<0.05). These groups also had more severe infection resulting in ICU admission and need for mechanical ventilation (p<0.05). However, in a multivariate analysis, only increasing age was independently associated with increased risk of death (p<0.05). Mortality rate was 26.9% in hospitalised patients.ConclusionThe findings confirm that men, BAME and older population were most commonly and severely affected groups. Only older age was independently associated with mortality.

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Gastrostomy Tubes Placed in Children With Neurologic Impairment: Associated Morbidity and Mortality

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/08830738211000179 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088307382110001

Author(s):

Jody L. Lin ◽

Joseph Rigdon ◽

Keith Van Haren ◽

MyMy Buu ◽

Olga Saynina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Tube Placement ◽

Composite Outcome ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Neurologic Impairment ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Background: Gastrostomy tube (G-tube) placement for children with neurologic impairment with dysphagia has been suggested for pneumonia prevention. However, prior studies demonstrated an association between G-tube placement and increased risk of pneumonia. We evaluate the association between timing of G-tube placement and death or severe pneumonia in children with neurologic impairment. Methods: We included all children enrolled in California Children’s Services between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2014, with neurologic impairment and 1 pneumonia hospitalization. Prior to analysis, children with new G-tubes and those without were 1:2 propensity score matched on sociodemographics, medical complexity, and severity of index hospitalization. We used a time-varying Cox proportional hazard model for subsequent death or composite outcome of death or severe pneumonia to compare those with new G-tubes vs those without, adjusting for covariates described above. Results: A total of 2490 children met eligibility criteria, of whom 219 (9%) died and 789 (32%) had severe pneumonia. Compared to children without G-tubes, children with new G-tubes had decreased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.55) but increased risk of the composite outcome (HR 1.21, CI 1.14-1.27). Sensitivity analyses using varied time criteria for definitions of G-tube and outcome found that more recent G-tube placement had greater associated risk reduction for death but increased risk of severe pneumonia. Conclusion: Recent G-tube placement is associated with reduced risk of death but increased risk of severe pneumonia. Decisions to place G-tubes for pulmonary indications in children with neurologic impairment should weigh the impact of severe pneumonia on quality of life.

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910. A Comprehensive, One Year, Hospital-Wide Snapshot of All Serious Infectious Complications in People Who Inject Drugs

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S489-S490

Author(s):

John T Henderson ◽

Evelyn Villacorta Cari ◽

Nicole Leedy ◽

Alice Thornton ◽

Donna R Burgess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Vertebral Osteomyelitis ◽

The United States ◽

Infectious Complications ◽

Data Set ◽

Cumulative Impact ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background There has been a dramatic rise in IV drug use (IVDU) and its associated mortality and morbidity, however, the scope of this effect has not been described. Kentucky is at the epicenter of this epidemic and is an ideal place to better understand the health complications of IVDU in order to improve outcomes. Methods All adult in-patient admissions to University of Kentucky hospitals in 2018 with an Infectious Diseases (ID) consult and an ICD 9/10 code associated with IVDU underwent thorough retrospective chart review. Demographic, descriptive, and outcome data were collected and analyzed by standard statistical analysis. Results 390 patients (467 visits) met study criteria. The top illicit substances used were methamphetamine (37.2%), heroin (38.2%), and cocaine (10.3%). While only 4.1% of tested patients were HIV+, 74.2% were HCV antibody positive. Endocarditis (41.1%), vertebral osteomyelitis (20.8%), bacteremia without endocarditis (14.1%), abscess (12.4%), and septic arthritis (10.4%) were the most common infectious complications. The in-patient death rate was 3.0%, and 32.2% of patients were readmitted within the study period. The average length of stay was 26 days. In multivariable analysis, infectious endocarditis was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of death, ICU admission, and hospital readmission. Although not statistically significant, trends toward mortality and ICU admission were identified for patients with prior endocarditis and methadone was correlated with decreased risk of readmission and ICU stay. FIGURE 1: Reported Substances Used FIGURE 2: Comorbidities FIGURE 3: Types of Severe Infectious Complications Conclusion We report on a novel, comprehensive perspective on the serious infectious complications of IVDU in an attempt to measure its cumulative impact in an unbiased way. This preliminary analysis of a much larger dataset (2008-2019) reveals some sobering statistics about the impact of IVDU in the United States. While it confirms the well accepted mortality and morbidity associated with infective endocarditis and bacteremia, there is a significant unrecognized impact of other infectious etiologies. Additional analysis of this data set will be aimed at identifying key predictive factors in poor outcomes in hopes of mitigating them. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Routine use of immunosuppressants is associated with mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19

Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety ◽

10.1177/2042098620985690 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 204209862098569

Author(s):

Phyo K. Myint ◽

Ben Carter ◽

Fenella Barlow-Pay ◽

Roxanna Short ◽

Alice G. Einarsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Attention ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Plain Language ◽

Discharge Data ◽

Specific Patient ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

Background: Whilst there is literature on the impact of SARS viruses in the severely immunosuppressed, less is known about the link between routine immunosuppressant use and outcome in COVID-19. Consequently, guidelines on their use vary depending on specific patient populations. Methods: The study population was drawn from the COPE Study (COVID-19 in Older People), a multicentre observational cohort study, across the UK and Italy. Data were collected between 27 February and 28 April 2020 by trained data-collectors and included all unselected consecutive admissions with COVID-19. Load (name/number of medications) and dosage of immunosuppressant were collected along with other covariate data. Primary outcome was time-to-mortality from the date of admission (or) date of diagnosis, if diagnosis was five or more days after admission. Secondary outcomes were Day-14 mortality and time-to-discharge. Data were analysed with mixed-effects, Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models using non-users of immunosuppressants as the reference group. Results: In total 1184 patients were eligible for inclusion. The median (IQR) age was 74 (62–83), 676 (57%) were male, and 299 (25.3%) died in hospital (total person follow-up 15,540 days). Most patients exhibited at least one comorbidity, and 113 (~10%) were on immunosuppressants. Any immunosuppressant use was associated with increased mortality: aHR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.69 (time to mortality) and aOR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.01–2.88 (14-day mortality). There also appeared to be a dose–response relationship. Conclusion: Despite possible indication bias, until further evidence emerges we recommend adhering to public health measures, a low threshold to seek medical advice and close monitoring of symptoms in those who take immunosuppressants routinely regardless of their indication. However, it should be noted that the inability to control for the underlying condition requiring immunosuppressants is a major limitation, and hence caution should be exercised in interpretation of the results. Plain Language Summary Regular Use of Immune Suppressing Drugs is Associated with Increased Risk of Death in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 Background: We do not have much information on how the COVID-19 virus affects patients who use immunosuppressants, drugs which inhibit or reduce the activity of the immune system. There are various conflicting views on whether immune-suppressing drugs are beneficial or detrimental in patients with the disease. Methods: This study collected data from 10 hospitals in the UK and one in Italy between February and April 2020 in order to identify any association between the regular use of immunosuppressant medicines and survival in patients who were admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Results: 1184 patients were included in the study, and 10% of them were using immunosuppressants. Any immunosuppressant use was associated with increased risk of death, and the risk appeared to increase if the dose of the medicine was higher. Conclusion: We therefore recommend that patients who take immunosuppressant medicines routinely should carefully adhere to social distancing measures, and seek medical attention early during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Impact of Medicaid expansion on two-year mortality among stage IV breast cancer (BC) patients according to race.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.6525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 6525-6525

Author(s):

Catalina Malinowski ◽

Xiudong Lei ◽

Hui Zhao ◽

Sharon H. Giordano ◽

Mariana Chavez Mac Gregor

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Low Income ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Medicaid Expansion ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact ◽

Expansion Period ◽

White Patients

6525 Background: Inadequate access to healthcare services is associated with worse outcomes. Disparities in access to cancer care are more frequently seen among racial/ethnic minorities, uninsured patients, and those with low socioeconomic status. A provision in the Affordable Care Act called for expansion of Medicaid eligibility in order to cover more low-income Americans. In this study, we evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion in 2-year mortality among metastatic BC patients according to race. Methods: Women (aged 40-64) diagnosed with metastatic BC (stage IV de novo) between 01/01/2010 and 12/31/2015 and residing in states that underwent Medicaid expansion in 01/2014 were identified in the National Cancer Database. For comparison purposes, 2010-2013 was considered the pre-expansion period and 2014-2015 the post-expansion period. We calculated 2-year mortality difference-in-difference (DID) estimates between White and non-White patients using multivariable linear regression models. Results are presented as adjusted differences (in % points) between groups in the pre- and post-expansion periods and as adjusted DID with 95%CI. Covariates included age, comorbidity, BC subtype, insurance type, transfer of care, distance to hospital, region, residence area, education, income quartile, facility type and facility volume. In addition, overall survival (OS) was evaluated in pre- and post-expansion periods via Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models; results are presented as 2-year OS estimates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% CIs. Results: Among 7,675 patients included, 4,942 were diagnosed in the pre- and 2,733 in the post-expansion period. We observed a reduction in 2-year mortality rates in both groups according to Medicaid expansion. Among Whites 2-year mortality decreased from 42.5% to 38.7% and among non-Whites from 45.4% to 36.4%, resulting in an adjusted DID of -5.2% (95%CI -9.8 to -0.6, p = 0.027). A greater reduction in 2-year mortality was observed among non-Whites in a sub-analysis of patients who resided in the poorest quartile (n = 1372), with an adjusted DID of -14.6% (95%CI -24.8 to -4.4, p = 0.005). In the multivariable Cox model, during the pre-expansion period there was an increased risk of death for non-Whites compared to Whites (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26, P = 0.04), however no differences were seen in the post-expansion period between the two groups (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07, P = 0.31). Conclusions: Medicaid expansion reduced racial disparities by decreasing the 2-year mortality of non-White patients with metastatic breast cancer and reducing the gap when compared to Whites. These results highlight the positive impact of policies aimed at improving equity and increasing access to health care.

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Factors associated with COVID-19 related hospitalisation, critical care admission and mortality using linked primary and secondary care data

10.1101/2021.01.19.20241844 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Cummins ◽

Irene Ebyarimpa ◽

Nathan Cheetham ◽

Victoria Tzortziou Brown ◽

Katie Brennan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Learning Disabilities ◽

Secondary Care ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Additional Patient ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

North East ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractBackgroundTo identify risk factors associated with increased risk of hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality in inner North East London (NEL) during the first UK COVID-19 wave.MethodsMultivariate logistic regression analysis on linked primary and secondary care data from people aged 16 or older with confirmed COVID-19 infection between 01/02/2020-30/06/2020 determined odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p-values for the association between demographic, deprivation and clinical factors with COVID-19 hospitalisation, ICU admission and mortality.ResultsOver the study period 1,781 people were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 1,195 (67%) were hospitalised, 152 (9%) admitted to ICU and 400 (23%) died. Results confirm previously identified risk factors: being male, or of Black or Asian ethnicity, or aged over 50. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) increased the risk of hospitalisation. Obesity increased the risk of being admitted to ICU. Underlying CKD, stroke and dementia in-creased the risk of death. Having learning disabilities was strongly associated with increased risk of death (OR=4.75, 95%CI=(1.91,11.84), p=0.001). Having three or four co-morbidities increased the risk of hospitalisation (OR=2.34,95%CI=(1.55,3.54),p<0.001;OR=2.40, 95%CI=(1.55,3.73), p<0.001 respectively) and death (OR=2.61, 95%CI=(1.59,4.28), p<0.001;OR=4.07, 95% CI= (2.48,6.69), p<0.001 respectively).ConclusionsWe confirm that age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, CKD and diabetes are important determinants of risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation or death. For the first time, we also identify people with learning disabilities and multi-morbidity as additional patient cohorts that need to be actively protected during COVID-19 waves.

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