scholarly journals Cavity Trees, Snags, and Overstory Density in a Riparian Forest in Northeastern Missouri

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gwaze ◽  
Anthony Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Bottomland Forests ◽  
Tree Retention ◽  
Current Minimum ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Cavity Tree

Abstract Snags and cavity trees are important for wildlife habitat, yet knowledge about their abundance and effects of forest management on these components is lacking for riparian forests. We evaluated the effects of clearcutting with reserves, basal area retention, and no harvest on snags and cavity trees in a riparian forest in northeastern Missouri. We also determined whether the established guidelines for snags and cavity trees in Missouri are being met. Preharvest results indicated that 11.3% of standing trees were snags, and 7% of live standing trees were cavity trees at this site. The proportion of snags was greater in small-diameter trees; however, the proportion of live trees with cavities increased as dbh increased. Preharvest snag density (20.6 trees/ac) and cavity trees (21.2 trees/ac) were well above the current minimum recommendations for wildlife tree retention on bottomland forests in Missouri. Following the harvest and girdling of residual trees >8 in. dbh, the abundance of snags increased, whereas cavity tree densities decreased. If the bottomland hardwood forest is going to contribute habitat of cavity tree-using wildlife, greater attention is needed to retaining cavity trees when harvesting.

scholarly journals Frost Crack Incidence in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Southern Boreal–North Temperate Transition Zone

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia I. Burton ◽  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Lee E. Frelich
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Abstract Frost cracks are common in northern hardwood stands near their northern range limits. Although they have long been attributed to the regional climate, temperature fluctuations result in surface cracks largely when internal wounds are present. We examined the relationship between the proportion of trees with frost cracks and both tree-level diameter class and stand structural characteristics in primary stands with a history of minimal logging (n = 4) and 67- to 97-year-old second-growth stands subjected to past heavy partial cuts and high grading (n = 8). We hypothesized that frost crack incidence would (1) be greater in the second-growth stands and (2) be associated with differences in structural attributes between the two stand types. High levels of frost cracking in primary stands indicated that cracks are not completely avoidable. However, the proportion of trees with frost cracks was significantly higher in second-growth than primary stands, particularly on small-diameter trees. For example, the odds for frost cracking were 1.66–3.74 times greater in second-growth than in primary stands in the 15-cm diameter class, but were not different in the 45+-cm diameter class. Frost cracking was positively associated with increasing diameter in both stand types. Structural characteristics reflecting tree size, stand basal area, and basal area of hardwoods were positively associated with the proportion of trees with frost cracks in second-growth stands but not in primary stands. Although the basal area of conifers was negatively associated with frost cracking, the effect was likely due to a reduction in hardwood basal area in the vicinity of conifers. We suggest that greater frost crack incidence in second-growth stands is likely a consequence of injuries to residual trees during selective logging.

scholarly journals Habitat Preferences of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta L.) in Loboc, Bohol, Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Teofanes Patindol ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Woody Vines ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

A study was conducted to describle the habitat preference of the Philippines tarsier in Loboc, Bohol. Description of habitat preference was based on species composition and density of the different layers of the stand, mean height, mean diameter and basal area including physical attributes such as aspect, slope and elevation. Three habitat variants of the Philippine tarsier were observed in Loboc, Bohol. The first variant was a relatively open thicket with many small-diameter trees and shrubs and dense undergrowths. The second variant was a thicket of tall grasses, many small diameter trees and dense undergrowths growing under a mahogany plantation. The third variant was a thicket of many small diamater trees and shrubs with less evident woody vines and dense undergrowths with limited exposure to direct sunlight and strong wind being situated along gullies. Preferred habitat of the Phlippine Tarsier are small diameter trees as roosting sites and dense undergrowth as a source of insects and small vertebrates which are preferred food of the animal. The presence of crevices, which are unique to the limestone environment, serve as "hiding places" to protect the animals from predators.

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
General Program ◽  
Magnetic Card ◽  
The Right

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving  the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the  calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer  Olivetti P203.     The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except  for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a  magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic  card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the  subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve  temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so  called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals  per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring  on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting  from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak  (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13).  On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the  number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment  of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha),  the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the  line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all  the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of  the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w.     Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on  wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and  its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases  completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that  the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further  calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an  appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates  the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete  forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and  tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals  and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are  calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such  calculations by means of subroutine 2.

Evaluation of moisture reduction in small diameter trees after crushing

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Sirois ◽  
Cynthia L. Rawlins ◽  
Bryce J. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

scholarly journals Structural variability of Aleppo pine stands in two forests in northeastern Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika Rached Kanouni ◽  
Insaf Hani ◽  
Ratiba BOUSBA ◽  
Amina Beldjazia ◽  
Hichem KHAMAR
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Aleppo Pine ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Structural Variability ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Northeastern Algeria

Abstract. Rached-Kanouni M, Hani I, Bousba R, Beldjazia A, Khammar H. 2020. Structural variability of Aleppo pine stands in two forests in northeastern Algeria. Biodiversitas 21: 2848-2853. The layout of the stand can be described as the width of the trees, their reciprocal locations, diametric distinction and height. The goal of this study is to recognize changes in the Pinus halepensis spatial and demographic systems in two Beni Oudjana and Chettaba Forests, located in northeast Algeria. An inventory of trees in these forest formations with P. halepensis dominance was carried out based on dendrometric parameters such as total height, tree diameter at dbh ≥ 5 cm, basal area, total volume, etc., as well as the number of trees in the forest. Tree diameter and height measurements were made on 12 rectangular plots (20 m × 20 m), located in both forests. The results obtained show that the mean stand density, mean diameter, basal area and total volume are higher in Chettaba Forest, the values attributed to these parameters are respectively (422 trees/ha, 27.07 cm, 26, 86 m2, 251.63 m3); while the total height and regeneration rate show significantly higher values in Beni Oudjana Forest (18.97 m, 607 individuals/ha). The structure in diameter and height of the species is bell-shaped to asymmetrically positive with a predominance of small diameter individuals in the Chettaba forest. On the other hand, in the Beni Oudjana Forest, the structure is ‘L’ shaped, showing a predominance of very small diameter individuals. These results indicate that the low regeneration rate of P. halepensis in the Chettaba Forest is due to anthropogenic pressures that favor the degradation of this forest.

Canada's oldest permanent sample plots — thinning in white and red pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Burgess ◽  
Craig Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933, 1941, 1959, 1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots.

scholarly journals Chipping Whole Trees for Fuel Chips: A Production Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Mitchell ◽  
Tom Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A time and motion study was conducted to determine the productivity and cost of an in-woods chipping operation when processing whole small-diameter trees for biomass. The study removed biomass from two overstocked stands and compared the cost of this treatment to existing alternatives. The treatment stands consisted of a 30-year-old longleaf pine stand and a 37-year-old loblolly pine stand. In the longleaf pine stand, 71% of the trees removed were less than 5 in. dbh. In the loblolly pine stand, approximately 81% of the stems removed were less than 5 in. dbh. The harvesting system consisted of conventional ground-based harvesting equipment and a three-knife chipper that processed the biomass into fuel chips. The average production time to fill a chip van was 24.61 minutes. The chip moisture content averaged 94.11% (dry basis). Using machine rates and federal labor wage rates, the in-woods cost of producing fuel chips was $9.18/green ton (gt). The cost of the biomass chipping operation ($15.18/gt), including transportation, compared favorably to existing alternative treatments of cut-and-pile or mulching.

Characterizing Canopy Fuels to Predict Fire Behavior in Pitch Pine Stands

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Duveneck ◽  
William A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Pinus Rigida ◽  
Canopy Fuels ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Thinning Operations ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Destructive sampling of 31 pitch pine (Pinus rigida P. Mill) trees ranging in dbh from 2.7 to 42.5 cm and in height from 4.1 to 23.8 m provided a complete inventory of needles and small-diameter branch weights used to characterize canopy fuels to predict fire behavior in pitch pine stands. Regression equations using dbh as an independent variable predict canopy bulk density with an r2 > 0.93. The results provide managers with a method of evaluating the effectiveness of thinning operations in reducing crown fire potential in well-stocked stands. To demonstrate the application of the method, we calculated the wind speed (Crowning Index [CI]) needed to sustain an active crown fire in thinned and unthinned pitch pine stands in Montague, Massachusetts. Thinning to 2.8 m2/ha basal area increased the CI from 34 to 98 km/hour.

scholarly journals Dual-Cropping Loblolly Pine for Biomass Energy and Conventional Wood Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Andrew Scott ◽  
Allan Tiarks
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Viable Method

Abstract Southern pine stands have the potential to provide significant feedstocks for the growing biomass energy and biofuel markets. Although initial feedstocks likely will come from low-value small-diameter trees, understory vegetation, and slash, a sustainable and continuous supply of biomass is necessary to support and grow a wood bioenergy market. As long as solidwood products are more valuable, bioenergy production will not be the primary market for southern pine. A study exploring a dual-cropping system for southern pine bioenergy and solidwood products was begun in 1982 in Louisiana to determine the phosphorus (P) nutritional requirements of the system. Fertilization of 60 kg ha−1 of P was required to produce 90% of the maximum volume at the age of 22 years. Direct-seeding pine in the interrows of a traditional pine plantation produced about 10.2 Mg ha−1 of biomass for energy at the age of 5 years but had no lasting effect on the planted pine height, diameter, or standing volume. The system is a viable method to produce both bioenergy and solidwood products. Herbaceous competition control and nitrogen (N) fertilization likely would make the system even more productive and profitable.

Evaluating timber quality in larger-diameter standing trees: rethinking the use of acoustic velocity

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 797-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Krajnc ◽  
Niall Farrelly ◽  
Annette M. Harte
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Acoustic Velocity ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acoustic Velocities

AbstractThe use of acoustic velocity for different purposes is becoming widespread in the forestry industry. However, there are conflicting reports on how well this technology reflects the mechanical properties of trees. In this study, the prediction of timber quality using acoustic technology was evaluated on mature standing trees of three softwood species. The velocity in 490 standing trees was measured in several directions (longitudinal, radial and tangential). A sub-sample of trees was felled and the acoustic velocity was measured in 120 logs which were then sawn into structural-sized timber. A total of 1383 boards were tested for bending, as were small clear specimens extracted from the structural-sized boards. The mean tree values of the timber grade-determining properties (elastic modulus, bending strength and density) of both specimen sizes were related to the acoustic velocities and tree slenderness. The correlations between the mean tree mechanical properties and acoustic velocities were relatively low, most likely due to a high ratio of diameter to measurement distance. The transverse directions showed similar correlations with mechanical properties in larger-diameter trees to the longitudinal direction, as did tree slenderness. The results suggest that while the acoustic velocity in the longitudinal direction can reflect the mean tree mechanical properties in small-diameter trees, alternatives are needed to achieve the same in larger-diameter trees.

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