scholarly journals Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure Among Concurrent Users (Co-Users) of Tobacco and Cannabis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1354-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Smith ◽  
Richard J O’connor ◽  
Binnian Wei ◽  
Mark Travers ◽  
Andrew Hyland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Biomarker Of Exposure ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract Background Smoking cannabis may potentially increase exposure to numerous toxic chemicals that are commonly associated with tobacco use. There is a paucity of data related to toxicant exposures among concurrent users of tobacco and cannabis (co-users). Methods Data are from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 Biomarker Restricted-Use Files. Analyses focused on adults who provided urine samples (N = 5859). Urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Using weighted linear regression, we compared adjusted geometric mean concentrations of 15 biomarkers between user groups of various tobacco product types according to their self-reported past 30-day cannabis use. Results Past 30-day cannabis use was similar across various types of tobacco product use subgroups (range: 13%–23%) and significantly more common compared to non-tobacco users (1.0%; p < .001). Across all groups of tobacco users, those who co-used cannabis exhibited significantly higher concentrations of the biomarker of exposure to acrylonitrile (CYMA) compared to non-cannabis users (by 39%–464%). Tobacco–cannabis co-users also showed significantly elevated levels of the biomarker of exposure to acrylamide (AAMA) compared to exclusive tobacco users, and significantly higher exposure to many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (including fluorene and pyrene). Conclusions Co-users exhibited higher concentrations for biomarkers of exposure to many combustion byproducts, compared to exclusive tobacco users. More robust measurements of cannabis use can address potential confounding in assessments of exposures to tobacco-related constituents, and potential health effects resulting from co-use. Implications With disproportionately greater rates of cannabis use occurring among tobacco users, it is critical to consider how concurrent cannabis use may influence health-related outcomes among smokers. Our findings suggest potential additive toxicant exposures among co-users of tobacco and cannabis. Lack of consideration and measurement of cannabis use in assessing tobacco-related exposures may confound estimates thought to be attributable to tobacco, particularly for non-specific biomarkers. Assessing tobacco and cannabis use in tandem will allow for more precise measurement of outcomes related to one or both substances, and can provide additional information on potential health effects related to co-use.

scholarly journals Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2177
Author(s):  
Lu Yang ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Wanli Xing ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.

scholarly journals Amino-PAHs activated Nrf2/ARE anti-oxidative defense system and promoted inflammatory responses: the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiying Wu ◽  
Yuting Jiang ◽  
Mingyuan Liu ◽  
Yu Shang ◽  
Jing An
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Oxidative Defense ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The amino polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (amino-PAHs) were frequently detected in PM2.5, and it was suggested that they contributed to the harmful health effects associated with PM2.5.

Pollution analysis of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from informal electronic waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Gu ◽  
Jianfeng Bai ◽  
Wenyi Yuan ◽  
En Ma ◽  
Chenglong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Standard Value

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be persistent organic pollutants, which pose a great threat to human health and the surrounding environment. In order to explore the influence of informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on inhabitants who live nearby, soil samples were collected from informal e-waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China and analysed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. Results indicated that the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were found at all seven sampling locations. Sampling location 3, which was only 10 m away from a residential area, had 1053.69 μg kg−1 of PAHs and seriously exceeded the standard value specified by the Netherlands. The total percents of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs accounted for 61.74 and 71.70%, respectively, indicating that most of the detected PAHs belonged to high-ring PAHs. The informal e-waste dismantling activities are the major sources of soil PAHs in Xinqiao. Furthermore, the concentration of seven carcinogenic PAHs was 114.76 μg kg−1 and represented a potential health risk to humans. Thereinto, benzo[a]pyrene contributed the most, accounting for more than 50% in these locations. Our results may provide a reference about the influence of informal e-waste dismantling activities on the surrounding inhabitants and suggest that e-waste dismantling activities must be conducted in a formal enterprise which is far away from residential areas.

scholarly journals Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere: sorption mechanism and source contributions to respiratory deposition

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 20811-20850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Lv ◽  
X. Li ◽  
T. T. Xu ◽  
T. T. Cheng ◽  
X. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Fine Mode

Abstract. Current knowledge on atmospheric particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution remains incomplete. Information is missing on sorption mechanisms and the influence of the PAHs' sources on their transport in human respiratory system. Here we present the studies systematically investigating the modal distribution characteristics of the size-fractioned PAHs and calculating the source contribution to adverse health effects through inhalation. Aerosol samples with nine size fractions were collected from Shanghai urban air over one year period 2012–2013. A high correlation coefficient existed between measured and predicted values (R2= 0.87), indicated that the data worked very well in current study. Most PAHs were observed on the small particles followed with seasonality differences. When normalized by PAHs across particle diameters, the size distribution of PAHs exhibited bimodal patterns, with a peak (0.4–2.1 μm) in fine mode and another peak (3.3–9.0 μm) in coarse mode, respectively. Along with the increasing ring number of PAHs, the intensity of the fine mode peak increased, while coarse mode peak decreased. Plotting of log(PAH/PM) against log(Dp) showed that all slope values were above −1 with the increase towards less-ring PAHs, suggesting that multiple mechanisms, i.e. adsorption and absorption controlled the PAHs on particles, but adsorption played a much stronger role for 5- and 6-ring than 3- and 4-ring PAHs. The mode distribution behavior of PAHs showed that fine particles were major carriers for the more-ring PAHs. Further calculations using inhaling PAHs data showed the total deposition fluxes in respiratory tract were 8.8 ± 2.0 ng h-1. Specifically, fine particles contributed 10–40 % of PAHs deposition fluxes to the alveolar region, while coarse particles contributed 80–95 % of ones to the head region. Estimated lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for people exercised in haze days (1.5 × 10-6) was bigger than the cancer risk guideline value (10-6). The largest PAHs contribution for LCR mainly came from the accumulation particles. Based on source apportionment results generated by positive matrix factorization (PMF), it was found that the cancer risk caused in accumulated mode mainly resulted from biomass burning (24 %), coal combustion (25 %) and vehicular emission (27 %). The present results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of PAHs size distribution causing adverse health effects and will help develop some source control strategies or policies by relying on respiratory assessment data.

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