Buddhist Art and Architecture in Tibet

Buddhism ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gray

Fifty years ago, Tibetan art and architecture were fields in an early stage of development in the West. Early Western knowledge of Tibetan art and architecture was largely due to the pioneering work of early 20th-century scholars such as Giuseppe Tucci, Joseph Hackin, and Alice Getty. These fields have developed significantly over the past few decades, for multiple reasons. These reasons include general growth in interest in Tibetan culture and religion following the Chinese occupation of Tibet, and in the Tibetan diaspora, from the 1950s onward. The Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s in China led to the destruction of a tremendous amount of Tibetan art and architecture, and to the displacement within China of many works of Tibetan art that were not destroyed. However, the opening of China to the outside world in the post-Mao era led to the growing availability of Tibetan art on international art markets and gave foreign scholars access to surviving architectural monuments. This has led to a rapid growth in the understanding of Tibetan art history and stylistics. This work has been undertaken by a wide range of scholars, from North America and Europe, as well as Japan and India. More recently, there has also been considerable growth in scholarship within China by Tibetan and Han Chinese scholars.

Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.


Author(s):  
Nancy Whittier

The anti-Trump Resistance involves activists from an unusually wide range of political and chronological generations: movement veterans from the 1960s and 1970s, Generation X activists politicized in the 1980s and 1990s, Millennials who entered activism in the 2000s, and newcomers of all ages. Political generations differ in worldview based on both age and time of entry into activism. Generational spillover—the mutual influence, difference, and conflict among political generations—includes explicit attempts to teach organizing, and indirect influences on frames, organizational structures, tactics, ideologies, and goals. This chapter discusses generational spillover in the Resistance, including transmission and conflict.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Bourassa ◽  
Peggy H. Cunningham ◽  
Jay M. Handelman

PurposeThis study seeks to investigate the interaction between marketers' strategic behaviors, social norms, and societal stakeholders within a particular historical time period, the 1960s and 1970s.Design/methodology/approachThe study's findings are based on an analysis of two dominant retail industry trade publications, Chain Store Age and Progressive Grocer.FindingsThe analysis reveals an intriguing array of strategic marketing activity throughout these two decades not captured in considerations of marketing strategy at the time. The retailers examined engaged in two interesting behaviors. First, they responded to a wide range of stakeholder demands in a paradoxical fashion. Second, as retailers were confronted with social norms, instead of conforming to these norms they worked to help influence and shape them to their own advantage. This examination of retailers' behaviors over two decades has allowed the authors to present an intriguing new dimension to the understanding of marketing strategy.Originality/valueThe study found that throughout the 1960s and 1970s, marketers appeared to be actively engaged in a social dialogue. Through this dialogue, they not only responded to norms, but also attempted to shape the norms that came to define legitimate behavior for the marketers. This kind of strategic marketing endeavor was not accounted for in the managerial school of thought that dominated marketing thinking at the time.


2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-40
Author(s):  
Leszek Kwieciński

Abstract The article explores the main elements of the creation a proinnovation policy in Poland as a new case of public policy. It analyses the current status of proinnovation policy in Poland and the relationships implicit in the Polish National Innovation System. The findings support the conclusion that Polish proinnovation policy and the system through which it is enacted are at an early stage of development which is characteristic of co-called ‘catching-up’ countries. The findings show that there is a need for the strategic and holistic management of this type of sub-functional system to enable it to support SMEs in the development of their capacity for innovation. This should include a wide range of public and private institutions in the context of multi-stage governance.


2021 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Н.И. Берназ ◽  
И.И. Ирков

Лук репчатый – важнейшая овощная культура в стране. Величина и качество урожая в значительной мере определяется эффективностью борьбы с сорняками. При этом необходим поиск новых более эффективных схем применения гербицидов, обеспечивающих снижение их норм внесения в сочетании с повышением эффективности. На луке необходимо очищать посевы от сорняков в период флаг-листа культуры до двух настоящих листьев, а сорняки – в фазе семядоли – одного настоящего листа. Злаковые сорняки уничтожают применением широкого ассортимента граминицидов. Двудольные – как в культуре предшественника в севообороте, так и по вегетирующим растениям лука. В 2019–2020 годах были испытаны системы гербицидов, включающие внесение Реглон Форте 2,0 л/га за 1–3 дня до всходов лука в сочетании с применением Гоал 2Е в нормах 0,2, 0,25 и 0,3 л/га в фазу первого настоящего листа у лука (длина 3,2–3,7 см). Опыты проводили на опытном поле Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института овощеводства – филиале Федерального научного центра овощеводства (Московская область). Почва участка – аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая с содержанием гумуса 3,0–3,2%, рН солевой вытяжки 5,9, хорошо обеспечена подвижным фосфором (22–26 мг на 100 г почвы) и слабо калием (12–16 мг на 100 г почвы). Агротехника возделывания при капельном орошении была общепринятой для Нечерноземной зоны России. Учет эффективности проводили согласно стандартных методик. Размер учетных делянок – 12 м2. Повторность опытов четырехкратная. Установлено, что на посевах лука со средним и слабым уровнем засоренности, перспективны послевсходовые обработки Гоал 2Е в оптимальной норме 0,25 л/га начиная с фазы первого настоящего листа культуры по сорнякам в ранней стадии развития на фоне предвсходового внесения Реглон Форте 2,0 л/га. При этом главный фактор успеха применения Гоал 2 Е в первую очередь – фаза развития сорняков. Максимальный эффект можно достигнуть, когда значительное большинство из них будет в момент обработки в фазе семядолей. Onions are the most important vegetable crop in the country. The size and quality of the crop is largely determined by the effectiveness of weed control. At the same time, it is necessary to search for new more effective schemes for the use of herbicides, which ensure a reduction in their application rates in combination with an increase in efficiency. On the onion, it is necessary to clear the crops from weeds during the flag-leaf culture to two real leaves, and weeds – in the cotyledon phase – one real leaf. Cereal weeds are destroyed by using a wide range of graminicides. Dicotyledons – both in the culture of the predecessor in the crop rotation, and on vegetative onion plants. In 2019–2020, herbicide systems were tested, including the introduction of Reglon Forte 2.0 l/ha 1–3 days before onion shoots, in combination with the use of Goal 2E in the norms of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 l/ha in the phase of the first real leaf in onions (length 3.2–3.7 cm). The experiments were carried out at the experimental field of All Russian Research institute of Vegetable Growing – branch of Federal Scientific Centre of Vegetable Growing (Moscow region) The soil of the site is alluvial, meadow, medium loamy with a humus content of 3.0–3.2%, a pH of salt extract of 5.9, well provided with labile phosphorus (22–26 mg per 100 g of soil) and weakly potassium (12–16 mg per 100 g of soil). The agricultural technique of cultivation with drip irrigation was generally accepted for Non-chernozem zone. The efficiency was taken into account according to standard methods. The size of the accounting plots is 12 m2. The repetition of experiments is fourfold. It was found that on onion crops with medium and low levels of infestation, post-emergence treatments of Goal 2E in the optimal rate of 0.25 l/ha are promising, starting from the phase of the first real leaf of the crop for weeds in the early stage of development against the background of pre-emergence application of Reglon Forte 2.0 l/ha. At the same time, the main factor for the success of the use of Goal 2 E, first of all, is the phase of weed development. The maximum effect can be achieved when a significant majority of them will be in the cotyledon phase at the time of processing.


Author(s):  
Ernst Assinann ◽  
Human Ramezani

For many years in car development the future customer was first represented by templates. Today and in fact for a long time now CAD tools are solely used for designing a car and therefore man had to be integrated into that environment as well. 1986 the German car industry joined in a research program to produce a common man model for the use in automotive design. This program called RAMSIS has been in practical use at BMW since the early nineties. All “static” situations can be assessed with RAMSIS today including dynamic movements of arms and legs. For entry and egress and for the final confirmation, three dimensional mock-ups are tested by a number of in-house test subjects. Their body dimensions have to be known in order to compare their assessments with the customer population. Therefore we regularly measure members of the research and development center using all methods, from the conventional yardstick to current laser scanning techniques. Hand in hand with DMU methods Virtual Reality has gained access to development processes. The goal of DMU, to eliminate the time consuming and expensive hardware loops and replace them as much as possible by digital models, is effectively supported by VR techniques that speed up processes by enhancing the man-machine-interaction. There is a wide range of application fields to use these techniques, e.g. design review, assembly and maintenance simulation and training. RAMSIS is integrated in the BMW VR environment with special extensions to allow immersive ergonomic research. Mixed mock-up applications are used to have virtual experiences, to verify or to train assembly procedures at an early stage of development and therefore eliminate problems as soon as possible. New concepts can be evaluated and assessed taking ergonomic aspects and disturbing influences into account.


2020 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
DAVID LOLUA ◽  
MANANA ALADASHVILI

The article discusses green tourism and notes that green tourism in the regions of Georgia is at an early stage of development, with the potential and desire of the local population as a major user of green services. The proposed system of indicators may be universal for express-evaluation of the state at the regional level. The existing system of green tourism has shown that the state has to change its approaches to the formation of green tourism products (lack of green certification, etc.). The study identified trends in the growth of domestic tourism flows that can be proposed as effective promotion of regional tourism. For the further successful development of green tourism, it is first and foremost necessary to educate the public on a clear understanding of the increase in the price of these tours. One must realize and be aware that the money he or she pays to achieve a high quality of tourism is to serve specific ecological measures, one must feel the result of their implementation. Directions for improving green tourism include management system, ecotourism transport support, infrastructure development and provision of a wide range of services to the population that do not harm the ecological condition of the area, enhances the general ecological culture of the population, introduces new technologies for resource consumption and for waste recycling.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Galagan ◽  
Mykola Yakovenko

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McDaniel ◽  
Charles Forsberg

Abstract We propose a low-enriched-uranium, thermal-neutron-spectrum sodium-cooled reactor with a peak sodium temperature of 700°C coupled to an air-Brayton power cycle for electricity and heat. Three low-enriched-uranium, thermal spectrum sodium-cooled reactors were built in the 1960s and 1970s; but there has been no examination of such systems for many decades. We develop a pre-conceptual design based on “new” enabling technologies since the 1970s including yttrium hydride as the high-temperature neutron moderator, commercial gas turbines and secure decay heat removal systems. We define the reactor as a sodium hydride reactor (SHR). The initial application is as a fission battery. The concept of the fission battery (FB) is a “plug and play” nuclear reactor defined by multiple characteristics: economics enabled by factory fabrication of large numbers of identical units, easy installation and removal, unattended operation and highly reliable operations. FBs are designed to be a low-carbon replacement for fossil fuels by industrial and commercial companies that require energy to produce some product (manufactured goods, chemicals, education, data centers, ship transportation, etc.). The reactors may be owned or leased by the company. The SHR is at an early stage of development.


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