scholarly journals Political Development of Iran

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huss Banai
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Political Development ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Dimensions

Iran’s political development has undergone momentous changes over the past century: the advent of constitutionalism in 1906–1911; the period of absolutist rule and stealth modernization under two Pahlavi monarchs; the brief period of parliamentary democracy under the premiership of Mohammad Mossadeq; the Islamic revolution in 1979 with its attendant conservative, pragmatic, reformist, neoconservative, and neopragmatist incarnations. During each of these periods, Iranian society and politics underwent significant transformations that were often imposed from above. These changes were also compounded by the fact that Iran has historically occupied an important geopolitical position in international politics, a pawn in, and an irritant to, the great powers at the heart of the oil-rich Middle East. The diverse sources compiled in this article explore different dimensions of Iran’s political development over the past century. All of the sources are in English and most are works by highly respected scholars of Iran both inside and outside of the country.

Aftershocks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seva Gunitsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
International System ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
The World ◽  
National Borders

Over the past century, democracy spread around the world in turbulent bursts of change, sweeping across national borders in dramatic cascades of revolution and reform. This book offers a new global-oriented explanation for this wavelike spread and retreat—not only of democracy but also of its twentieth-century rivals, fascism, and communism. The book argues that waves of regime change are driven by the aftermath of cataclysmic disruptions to the international system. These hegemonic shocks, marked by the sudden rise and fall of great powers, have been essential and often-neglected drivers of domestic transformations. Though rare and fleeting, they not only repeatedly alter the global hierarchy of powerful states but also create unique and powerful opportunities for sweeping national reforms—by triggering military impositions, swiftly changing the incentives of domestic actors, or transforming the basis of political legitimacy itself. As a result, the evolution of modern regimes cannot be fully understood without examining the consequences of clashes between great powers, which repeatedly—and often unsuccessfully—sought to cajole, inspire, and intimidate other states into joining their camps.

Variable oil and argumentative conflict in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Malik Daham Mata’ab
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Oil has formed since its discovery so far one of the main causes of global conflict, has occupied this energy map a large area of conflict the world over the past century, and certainly this matter will continue for the next period in our century..

Promoting the Constants of the Mission with Muslims in Today’s Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Jules Boutros ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Reign Of God ◽  
The Church

One of the most important facts that the Second Vatican Council has revealed is that the point of the Church is not itself, but to go beyond itself, to be a community that preaches, serves, celebrates, and witnesses to the reign of God with due respect to the text and context. During the past century, the Church of the Middle East experienced the absence of an authentic missionary enthusiasm and the lack of a clear and pertinent theology with which it could face the challenge presented to Christianity by Islam. This challenge resides in its special role and mission before the Muslims, which this paper will further discuss and, in doing so, answer the question, How can the Church of the Middle East try to approach the Muslims in a time of violent Islamic fundamentalism and persecutions, in a region where most of the Christians are opting to remain distant or to emigrate?

Not-Minster? Australia’s Bespoke System of Government

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Grube
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
The Past ◽  
System A ◽  
American Style ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Federal Structure

Australia’s system of government has inherited traditions from both sides of the Atlantic. The institutions of a representative parliamentary democracy of the British type sit side by side with an American-style senate and a federal structure that shares power between the states and the Commonwealth. How to accurately describe and categorize these arrangements has vexed scholars for much of the past century. Is it a Westminster system, a Washminster system, or something else entirely? This chapter suggests that these arguments over categorization flounder because the Australian model is in fact unique—a bespoke creation that reflects all the individual aspects of Australia’s history and approach to democracy.

scholarly journals The First World War and its Legacy in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Eugene Rogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
First World War ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The First World War proved a crucial turning point in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Under conditions of total warfare, conscripts and civilians suffered greater losses and depredations than in any other conflict in the region before or since. The Great War also led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after four centuries of rule over the Arab lands, to be replaced by a modern state system actively negotiated between the Entente Powers in the course of the war. While the borders of Middle Eastern states have proven remarkably enduring over the past century, so too have the problems engendered by the wartime partition diplomacy.

The Precarious Life and Slow Death of the Mixed Courts of Egypt

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
The Political ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Court System ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Turmoil

Over the past century, most states of the Middle East have attempted to strengthen and centralize their legal systems, often following European models. Egypt undertook one of the first steps in that direction with its mixed-court system. These courts, which had jurisdiction in civil and commercial cases that involved a foreigner, however remotely, operated from 1876 until 1949. That this system could survive the political turmoil of those years, far outliving the circumstances which brought it into being, is remarkable.

The ‘sun’ shining upon the ‘ever-lasting’ country: A diachronic analysis of Iranian national anthems during the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Adibeik
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
Diachronic Changes

AbstractIran has undergone a metamorphosis in its ideological and national identity due to its historical upheavals in the past century e.g. the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–1911), Islamic Revolution (1979), Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). This paper aims to present the diachronic changes in the Iranian official national anthems’ lyrics. It demonstrates how the socio-political changes influenced these anthems and how such transformations have shaped the ideological identities of Iranians’ pre and post Islamic revolution to outsiders via lyrics and through a critical discourse study. I also show how these identities are constructed through texts and via intertextual means. The results display that the changes in Iranian anthems not only demonstrate a socio-historical transformation, but also a kind of acceleration in terms of political developments in contemporary Iran, and the ways in which the leaders may have employed their own ideological views to project Iranian identities.

scholarly journals Sectarian Games: Sovereign Power, War Machines and Regional Order in the Middle East

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Mabon
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Felix Guattari ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
Regional Order

Abstract Amidst violent contestation across the Middle East leaving regimes facing – or fearing – popular protests, the regulation of political life became increasingly important. Across the past century, the development of political projects has been driven by regime efforts to maintain power, constructing regime-society relations in such a way to ensure their survival. As a consequence, security is not given; rather, it reflects the concerns of elites and embeds their concerns within society, using a range of domestic, regional and geopolitical strategies to meet their needs. These strategies play on a range of different fears and currents to locate regime interests within broader concerns. A key part of such efforts involves the cultivation and suppression of particular identities, often resulting in contestation and uncertainty within and between states. Drawing on the ideas of Giorgio Agamben, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, the article argues that the regulation of sect-based identities – and difference – has been a key part of governance strategies in divided societies across the Middle East, albeit varying across time and space.

A Realist Foreign Policy for the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Rosato ◽  
John Schuessler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Minor Powers

What kind of policy can the United States pursue that ensures its security while minimizing the likelihood of war? We describe and defend a realist theory of foreign policy to guide American decision makers. Briefly, the theory says that if they want to ensure their security, great powers such as the United States should balance against other great powers. They should also take a relaxed view toward developments involving minor powers and, at most, should balance against hostile minor powers that inhabit strategically important regions of the world. We then show that had the great powers followed our theory's prescriptions, some of the most important wars of the past century might have been averted. Specifically, the world wars might not have occurred, and the United States might not have gone to war in either Vietnam or Iraq. In other words, realism as we conceive it offers the prospect of security without war. At the same time, we also argue that if the United States adopts an alternative liberal foreign policy, this is likely to result in more, rather than fewer, wars. We conclude by offering some theoretically-based proposals about how US decision makers should deal with China and Iran.

The Sunni Islamic Revival

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Rock-Singer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
South Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Muhammad Rashid Rida

Over the past century, waves of Sunni reformers from the Middle East to South Asia to central Asia have called for a return to Islam’s foundations by invoking well-established concepts in Islamic thought such as tajdid (renewal) and islah (reform). Yet, far from constituting a straightforward return to a well-established playbook, the revivalist movements of the 20th century have emerged at the intersection of longer Islamic theological and legal traditions, the ideological challenges of secular nationalism, and radical shifts in the nature of religious authority enabled by the linked spread of print and literacy. This chapter provides an overview of these movements, beginning in the late 19th century with the efforts of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad ‘Abduh, and Muhammad Rashid Rida and then moving forward to varied revivalist trends, national and transnational, in the modern Middle East.

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