Evolution of health care utilization and expenditure during the year before death in 2015 among people with cancer: French snds-based cohort study

Background Cancer patients have one of the highest health care expenditures (HCE) at the end of life. However, the growth of HCE at the end of life remains poorly documented in the literature. Objective To describe monthly reimbursed expenditure during the last year of life among cancer patients, by performing detailed analysis according to type of expenditure and the person’s age. Method Data were derived from the Système national des données en santé (SNDS) [national health data system], which comprises information on ambulatory and hospital care. Analyses focused on general scheme beneficiaries (77% of the French population) treated for cancer who died in 2015. Results Average reimbursed expenditure during the last year of life was €34,300 per person in 2015, including €21,100 (62%) for hospital expenditure. "Short-stays hospital" and "rehabilitation units" stays expenditure were €14,700 and €2000, respectively. Monthly expenditure increased regularly towards the end of life, increasing from 12 months before death €2000 to €5200 1 month before death. The highest levels of expenditure did not concern the oldest people, as average reimbursed expenditure was €50,300 for people 18–59 years versus €25,600 for people 80–90 years. Out-of-pocket payments varied only slightly according to age, but increased towards the end of life. Conclusion A marked growth of HCE was observed during the last 4 months of life, mainly driven by hospital expenditure, with a more marked growth for younger people.

Nature and determinants of migration: Insights from NSSO data in three states of India

The exodus of men is the most opted strategy adopted by rural households to diversify income and reduce risks associated with agriculture. Migration plays a very important role in reducing the liquidity and credit constraints of rural households in India. Data shows there are roughly 30 per cent internal migrants in the country. Despite the existence of studies on patterns and determinants of migration in various out-migrating states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala etc., literature on the same in States with high in-migration are scarce. This article makes an attempt to comprehensively look into patterns and determinants of in-migration in three states. We have used the unit level data on migration (NSSO 64th Round) and tabulated it with suitable statistical techniques. To have a better understanding of determinants of in-migration in the states of Maharashtra, Delhi and West Bengal, a binary logistic regression model have been employed. We found that the majority of male migrants in these states is from within the state and but from different districts. Another interesting finding is that determining factors for migration vary across states. Social group, education, age, monthly expenditure are significant factors in determining migration decisions.

Menstrual Cups: The Sustainable Future for Women Hygiene in India

In India, the usage of Menstrual Cups is comparatively limited. The study focuses on the acceptability, affordability, accessibility and awareness of Menstrual Cups amongst Indian women in the menstruating age. An assessment of the Knowledge, Aptitude, Practice and Behaviour (KAPB) of Menstrual Cups was done. The sampled data received from various parts of the country, after exclusions, included 397 responses. The average age of the respondents was 24 years where most of them were students and were from urban dwelling. From the results, it was inferred that menstrual cups users were in favour with their experiences with 79% reporting menstrual cups to be comfortable and 82% of the users found menstrual cups to be cheaper compared to other menstrual products, 61% of the users reported menstrual cups to be easy to adapt. For monthly expenditure of sanitary products, menstrual cups were more cost efficient as users spent an average of Rs 0-100 in comparison to other Sanitary Products where users spent an average of Rs 100-300. Disposable Sanitary pads was the most used sanitary product by non-menstrual cup users. 29.6% of the respondents are willing to switch to menstrual cups and 45.4% of the respondents are not sure if they want to switch to menstrual cups. The reasons for non-usage of menstrual cups was mostly comfort (32%), limited knowledge (25%) and accessibility (15%). Homemakers scored high on Practice and Behaviour questions while Business women scored high on Knowledge and Aptitude questions. Both users and non-users recommended conducting awareness drives in the form of seminars focusing on clarifying myths and taboos related to menstrual cups. A change in favor of menstrual cups could be made possible by targeted pricing and advertising

Drug abuse and drug addiction among students of University of Rajshahi

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the actual condition of the students of University of Rajshahi (RU) regarding drug abuse and addiction. Using case study method the research was conducted with four objectives: (a) to find out how respondents began drug abuse; (b) to discover the causes of their drug addiction; (c) to understand the process of their drug abuse; and (d) to find out the economic, social and health effects of drug abuse. Methods: Case study method was used in this research. Through snowball sampling 18 drug- addicted students of RU were selected as respondents. In-depth interview with a schedule was used to collect data from the respondents in January 2019. Results: Findings of the study show that the causes of drug addiction included curiosity, frustration, friends’ request, neglect from family and friends etc. The drugs which they usually abused were Yaba, Phensydyle, Ganja (Weed), Chuani etc. Their average monthly expenditure for collecting drugs was in between Taka 8,000-10,000. They collected those drugs from rickshaw pullers at different points within the campus and from Mizaner Mor, Budhpara slum and other places outside the campus. The respondents opined that drugs were available if sufficient money could be spent. The respondents had senior and junior fellow students and local boys as companions while taking drugs. Most of them faced physical problems after taking drugs, and some of them tried to get rid of this curse of drug addiction. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that the rate of drug addiction among the students of RU was quite alarming. Therefore, all stakeholders including the students, guardians, teachers, university authority, the law makers and law enforcing agencies, researchers, civil society, NGO’s and the state must come forward together to combat this formidable foe.

IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION POLICY ON RURAL POVERTY IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD SINDH

This paper determines the relationship between green revolution policy and rural poverty in Pakistan and also to find the poverty status in the study area. The data collection was based on primary and secondary sources of information. The primary data was collected from 405 respondents living in the district Shaheed Benazirabad, through field survey where as secondary data was collected from various published articles. The data was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package developed for Social Sciences (SPSS-20). The key respondents were divided into three categories of farmers i.e. 325 respondents were small size land owner farmers, 42 respondents were medium size land owners and 38 were large size land owners. These all farmers had total 4044 acres. This study focused on wheat and cotton crops cultivated by all farmers in the district. The secondary data covers per hectare yield of food and cash crops grown in the district that increased the income of farmers and reduced poverty. The average family size included in the study was six members. The poverty line was measured by the method Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) introduced by the Planning Commission of Pakistan; that is Rs.3030/- monthly expenditure of each family member. The results obtained from the study indicated that the average monthly expenditure of small farmers was Rs.18,989/- and their income was Rs.17,439/- (Rs.17,439 - Rs.18,989 -1550). The number of small farmers was 325, who were below the poverty line in winter season (wheat crop) only; the winter season is the second crop sowing season in Pakistan.

Insight of Malaysian Users of Cosmetic Regarding Cosmetovigilance

Despite high popularity and demand for cosmetic products among users of cosmetics, there is paucity of work on cosmetovigilance. The objective of this study was to explore the cosmetovigilance-related insight encompassing the knowledge, practices, attitude, and perception of Malaysian users of cosmetics. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire comprising of 47 items reflecting on demographic profile, knowledge, practices, attitude, and perception toward cosmetics. The questionnaire was administered using the SurveyMonkey website, subject to a convenience sample of 552 users of cosmetics in Malaysia. The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Insufficient knowledge of cosmetic safety was found, especially in terms of the ingredients used and the adverse effects related to common cosmetic products. The total knowledge score showed a significant difference between gender (p < 0.001) and monthly expenditure (p = 0.001). The total attitude score showed a significant difference with respect to gender (p = 0.008), age (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.014), occupation (p < 0.001), income range (p = 0.009) and monthly expenditure (p = 0.013). The levels of cosmetovigilance-related knowledge, practices, attitude and perception of users of cosmetics in Malaysia are still unsatisfactory. The current research is expected to offer baseline data which can further help in strengthening the knowledge and attitudes of cosmetic consumers, while reinforcing best practices towards cosmetic products.

KARAKTERISTIK SESEORANG DALAM MENCARI JALAN DI JABODETABEK

Transportation arise as result of human activity to fulfil their daily needs that cannot be achieved in their current location. This activity is influnced by the characteristics of everyone in finding a way. A person’s characteristics are certainly influnced by his daily life in which every human being has different needs and obligations and is also supported by existing transportation facilities in the place where they live. Besides the discussion about way finding is very complex because many people still don’t understand the characteristics in each region in each individual or group. Furthermore, to support this, it is necessary to pay attention to the characteristics in each region. This research was conducted using a questionnaire measuring tool that was distributed directly and online. Obtained from fifty respondents for direct questionnaires and fiftyseven for online questionnaires. The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and one sample t-test to know how much the influence of the factors influencing someone’s characteristics in finding a way in Jabodetabek. Based on the results of the study, the age factor has the greatest influence on a person’s characteristics in finding a way. When compared with respondents in their gender and monthly expenditure of respondents.AbstrakTransportasi terjadi karena adanya keharusan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya yang tidak dapat dipenuhi ditempatnya saat itu berada. Kegiatan ini dipengaruhi oleh karaketeristik setiap orang dalam mencari jalan. Karakteristik seseorang pastinya di pengaruhi dari kehidupan dia sehari-hari yang dimana setiap manusia mempunyai kebutuhan dan kewajiban yang berbeda-beda dan juga di dukung oleh fasilitas transportasi yang ada pada tempat mereka hidup. Disamping itu juga bahasan tentang wayfinding amat kompleks karena banyak sekali yang belum memahami karakteristik di setiap daerah pada masing-masing individu dan kelompok. Maka untuk menunjang hal itu perlu di perhatikan setiap karakteristik setiap daerah masing-masing. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel yang paling mempengaruhi karakteristik seseorang dalam mencari jalan di Jabodetabek. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat ukur kuesioner yang disebarkan secara langsung dan secara online. Didapatkan sebanyak lima puluh responden untuk kuesioner langsung dan lima puluh tujuh responden untuk kuesioner online. Data dianalisis menggunakan independent sample t-test dan one sample t-test untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh faktor-faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi karakteristik seseorang dalam mencari jalan di Jabodetabek. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, faktor usia memiliki pengaruh paling besar dalam karakteristik seseorang dalam mencari jalan. Jika dibandingkan dengan responden pada jenis kelaminnya dan pengeluaran responden perbulannya.

Efficiency Of STMIK Hang Tuah Pekanbaru Stationery Inventory Office Using Monte Carlo Method

Inventory management in Office Stationery needs (ATK) is instrumental in supporting administrative activities. Not terinvetaris well, resulting in the use of goods is not optimal and increase spending on this ATK. For that required a system that can manage this ATK supplies. so that in the prediction of ATK inventory can coordinate and minimize expenditure of STMIK Hang Tuah Pekanbaru expenditure. The data obtained in this research is ATK At High School of Information and Computer Management (STMIK) Hang Tuah Pekanbaru sourced from Head of Equipment Section such as paper type A4 and F4, Paperclip, Map and Printer Ink. ATK is always experiencing shortage or also excess needs. With the Monte Carlo Method, STMIK Hang Tuah Pekanbaru will be able to determine the Pattern of ATK Supplies requirement in STMIK Hang Tuah Pekanbaru and the method can give a decision in determining the pattern of ATK request that will be requested to the employee. The result of the experiment of this method is to obtain the average number of procurement requests and the average number of procurement. Estimates of the Monte Carlo simulation strategic plan that has been done will yield an estimated information on the average amount of procurement as 16 packs and the estimated average monthly expenditure of Rp 21,333.- With the amount of calculations obtained then the Office Stationery to be purchased can be estimated and inventory can be provided to meet the demand for campus needs in 2018

Farm Households Food Demand and Its Determinants in Nigeria

Aims: The study examined the farming households’ food demand in Nigeria by, identifying the socio-economic characteristics of the farming households, assessing the monthly expenditure share of various categories of food in the total households’ food budget, analyzing the expenditure elasticities of the food classes and examining the factors influencing food demand. Methodology: A questionnaire was used as research instrument to elicit primary data from 120 farming households randomly selected through a multi-stage sampling method. The data analyses were done through the use of descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Results: The results show that 61.7 percent of the household heads were men while the mean age was 45.7 years. Most (92.5%) of the household heads were educated with mean household size of 7 persons and mean monthly income of N19, 435.20. The analysis of average monthly expenditure share of various food classes demanded for by the households reveals that roots and tubers food class had the largest (48%) share of households’ total food expenditure while flesh foods and dairy products came last with just 2 percent. In addition, expenditure elasticities of the six classes of food considered indicate that demand for roots and tubers, starchy food, fruits and vegetables and fats and oil food classes were inelastic while that of Flesh foods and dairy products and protein grains were elastic. Also it was revealed that farm households with small household sizes consume more proteinous foods. The determinants that had the expected sign and cut across all food classes were the price of individual food category and household income. Conclusion: The study analysed the farming households’ food demand and its determinants and in order to improve the farm households’ demand for food, it is recommended that policies to prevent upward or downward swings in the prices of foods in the economy should be put in place.