Vicariance Biogeography

Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Jason Ali ◽  
David S. Barrington
Keyword(s):  
Continental Drift ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Vicariance Biogeography ◽  
The 1960S

Vicariance biogeography seeks geo-physical explanations for disjunct distributions of organisms. Optimally, vicariance hypotheses are tested on the basis of the comparison of unrelated lineages of organisms that share geographic arenas. The fundamental approach is to marry geology and biology in the study of current and historical patterns of biodiversity. As a science, vicariance biogeography grew out of a synthesis of Alfred Wegener’s continental drift as realized by the plate-tectonic mechanism, Léon Croizat’s track analyses, and Willi Hennig’s phylogenetic systematics into a discipline with more readily testable hypotheses than those from classical dispersal biogeography. Vicariance biogeography, at the time of its emergence in the mid-1960s, offered a common explanation for many of the most puzzling disjunct-distribution patterns across the globe. From the 1960s to the early 21st century, vicariance biogeography dominated the field, marginalizing inquiries into geographic distributions on the basis of dispersal explanations, in part because center-of-origin ideas had fallen into disrepute. However, with the realization that vicariance hypotheses fail to explain an array of biogeographic patterns, including both isolated biotas on oceanic islands and many groups spread over previously connected landmasses, dispersal’s role in disjunct distributions of living things has been resurrected. The current consensus is that both processes play key roles in shaping the distribution of organisms through time.

A new freshwater species of the genus Dolops (Crustacea : Branchiura) parasitic on a galaxiid fish of Tasmania - with comments on disjunct distribution patterns in the southern hemisphere

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Fryer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Freshwater Bivalve ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Dolops is described from Lake Surprise, Tasmania, where it has been found on a galaxiid fish. Hitherto the genus has been known only from freshwater in S. America and Africa. Taxonomic errors involving an alleged Asiatic member of the genus are rectified and recent gross mistreatment of the classification of the Branchiura is discussed. The genus Dolops is re-defined. Evidence bearing on the history and dispersal of Dolops and other organisms is reviewed, particular attention being directed to the freshwater bivalve molluscs formerly assigned to the Mutelidae. While the African and S. American muteloids belong to closely related families of the Muteloidea, the Australasian forms formerly thought of as representatives of this group have no place in this superfamily. They, and certain S. American bivalves, however, show unambiguous trans-Antarctic affinities as they belong to a common family, the Hyriidae. Taking into account recent work, both geological and biological, and in spite of powerful voices raised in objection, the disjunct distribution of several groups of animals in the Southern Hemisphere seems to be most plausibly explained as a result of continental drift, though no dogmatic claims are made.

Most parsimonious areagrams versus fossils: the case of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Swenson ◽  
Robert S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Software Component ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Vicariance Biogeography ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Geological Context

Vicariance biogeography uses most parsimonious areagrams in order to explain biogeographic patterns. One notion is that areagrams convey biogeographic information to the extent that alternative palaeogeographic hypotheses are suggested. However, extinctions may distort biogeographic information, leading to areagrams showing area relationships not supported by geological data, and plausible dispersal events might also be overlooked. By the use of the software COMPONENT 2.0, Nothofagus phylogeny was reconciled with the most parsimonious areagrams. Well-preserved fossils, identified to subgenera, were optimised to the reconciled tree. Not all past distributions were predicted by the analysis, and Nothofagus has clearly been present in areas where it cannot have been if strict vicariance is followed. It can therefore be demonstrated that the biogeographic signal in Nothofagus areagrams is incomplete, and that most parsimonious areagrams can be flawed. Areagrams can be a useful tool in historical biogeography, but must be scrutinised within a known geological context and not accepted uncritically as alternative palaeogeographical hypotheses.

scholarly journals The fate of African mask in the works of French-speaking writers in West and Central Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
Nina D. Lyakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Francophone Literature ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Ancestor Cult ◽  
The Future ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
African Writers ◽  
The 1960S

The article examines the attitude of contemporary African writers to the traditional zoomorphic and anthropomorphic masks. In the 1960s–70s, for the supporters of the theory of negritude, the sacred mask embodied the spirit of ancestors and an inextricable connection with tradition. In a transitional era (the 1990s – the early 21st century), the process of desacralisation of the mask has been observed and such works appear in which the idea of the death of tradition is carried out. The article consistently examines the history of the emergence and strengthening of interest in the image of the African mask as the most striking symbol of African traditions on the part of cultural, art and scientific workers and the reflection of this symbol in the works of representatives of Francophone literature in West and Central Africa in different periods of time. The article concludes about the transformation of the views of the studied writers on the future of African traditions from an enthusiastic and romantic (as, for example, in the lyrics of Léopold Sédar Senghor or Samuel-Martin Eno Belinga) attitude to the images of the African past and tradition – masks, ancestor cult – to despair and bitterness from the awareness of the desacralisation of traditional objects and images and the profanation of tradition under the pressure of the realities of the present day (drama by Koffi Kwahulé). The attitude of African writers to the image of the mask, which is directly related to the themes of preserving traditions and the search of their identity by African literary heroes, is gradually changing, demonstrating the pessimistic view of Francophone African writers on the future of African traditions.

scholarly journals Regime transitions of Australian climate and climate extremes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgen Segerlund Frederiksen ◽  
Stacey Lee Osbrough
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Australian Climate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Regime Transitions

Abstract. Systematic changes, since the beginning of the 20th century, in average and extreme Australian rainfall and temperatures indicate that Southern Australian climate has undergone regime transitions into a drier and warmer state. South-west Western Australia (SWWA) experienced the most dramatic drying trend with average streamflow into Perth dams, in the last decade, just 20 % of that before the 1960s and extreme, decile 10, rainfall reduced to near zero. In south-eastern Australia (SEA) systematic decreases in average and extreme cool season rainfall became evident in the late 1990s with a halving of the area experiencing average decile 10 rainfall in the early 21st century compared with that for the 20th century. The shift in annual surface temperatures over SWWA and SEA, and indeed for Australia as a whole, has occurred primarily over the last 20 years with the percentage area experiencing extreme maximum temperatures in decile 10 increasing to an average of more than 45 % since the start of the 21st century compared with less than 3 % for the 20th century mean. Average maximum temperatures have also increased by circa 1 °C for SWWA and SEA over the last 20 years. The climate changes are associated with atmospheric circulation shifts and are indicative of second order regime transitions, apart from extreme temperatures for which the dramatic increases are suggestive of first order transitions.

Recent Progress in Taxonomic Studies, Biogeographic Analysis, and Revised Checklist of Amphibians in Indochina

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3A) ◽  
pp. 1-110
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Poyarkov ◽  
Tan Van Nguyen ◽  
Evgeniy S. Popov ◽  
Peter Geissler ◽  
Parinya Pawangkhanant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
Iucn Red List Criteria ◽  
Annotated Checklist

The Indochinese Peninsula is recognized as one of the key global biodiversity hotspots. The amphibian fauna of Indochina (including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand) is one of the richest in the world. About 60% of the known species were described within the last 20 years. We review the literature and our data to assess all recent discoveries and taxonomic changes and compile the first annotated checklist of the amphibian fauna of Indochina since the middle of the 20th century, including updated faunal lists for Vietnam and Thailand. Amphibian checklists for Laos and Cambodia are published for the first time. For each species we provide the following information: scientific name; recommended common name in English; information on type specimens; type locality; data on its distribution within Indochina and beyond; IUCN conservation status; taxonomic comment and the most important references. We review the distribution of each species across the 23 biogeographic subregions of Indochina, estimate the similarity among the regional faunas and evaluate their species richness and endemism. In total we record 423 amphibian species belonging to three orders, 11 families and 71 genera; 199 species (47%) are endemic to Indochina. Comprising 270 known species, the amphibian fauna of Vietnam is the richest (98 endemics, 36.3%), followed by Thailand with 194 species (29 endemics, 14.9%), Laos with 121 species (13 endemics, 10.7%), and Cambodia with 72 species (6 endemics, 8.3%). A cluster analysis of faunal similarity between the subregions shows two major assemblages, divided by the Isthmus of Kra. Within the northern mainland portion of Indochina three clusters can be distinguished: (1) northeastern and northwestern uplands of Vietnam and northern Laos; (2) Northern, Central, and Southern Annamites, the Bolaven Plateau, and central-south Vietnam lowlands; (3) western Indochinese subregions. We identify the Northeast and Northwest Uplands of Vietnam, the Northern, Central and Southern Annamites, the Cardamom Mountains, the mountains of Northeast Thailand, Northern Tenasserim and southern Peninsular Thailand as nine major centers of diversity and endemism of Indochinese amphibians. The analysis of amphibian distribution patterns across Indochina suggests the presence of 14 chorotypes grouped in five major range types. Our results underline the role of Indochina as a key area for amphibian diversity and conservation. Among 423 species of Indochinese amphibians, 152 species (35.9%) were considered as data deficient (DD) or were not evaluated (NE) according to the IUCN Red List criteria; while 76 species (18.0%) were considered vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CR), 20 species (4.7%) were considered to be near threatened (NT), and 175 species (41.4%) to be of the least concern (LC). Our study thus has implications for further conservation efforts on regional and global levels, as well as for understanding the biogeographic patterns of amphibian richness and endemism in Asia.

Contemporary Art

Art History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Smith
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Art World ◽  
Local Language ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Public Media ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many

As an art-critical or historical category––one that might designate a style of art, a tendency among others, or a period in the history of art––“contemporary art” is relatively recent. In art world discourse throughout the world, it appears in bursts of special usage in the 1920s and 1930s, and again during the 1960s, but it remains subsidiary to terms––such as “modern art,” “modernism,” and, after 1970, “postmodernism”––that highlight art’s close but contested relationships to social and cultural modernity. “Contemporary art” achieves a strong sense, and habitual capitalization, only in the 1980s. Subsequently, usage grew rapidly, to become ubiquitous by 2000. Contemporary art is now the undisputed name for today’s art in professional contexts and enjoys widespread resonance in public media and popular speech. Yet, its valiance for any of the usual art-critical and historical purposes remains contested and uncertain. To fill in this empty signifier by establishing the content of this category is the concern of a growing number of early-21st-century publications. This article will survey these developments in historical sequence. Although it will be shown that use of the term “contemporary art” as a referent has a two-hundred-year record, as an art-historical field, contemporary art is so recent, and in such volatile formation, that general surveys of the type now common for earlier periods in the history of art are just beginning to appear. To date, only one art-historiographical essay has been attempted. Listed within Contemporary Art Becomes a Field, this essay (“The State of Art History: Contemporary Art” (Art Bulletin 92.4 [2010]: 366–383; Smith 2010, cited under Historiography) is by the present author and forms the conceptual basis of this article. Contemporary art’s deep immersion in the art market and auction system is profiled in the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Art Markets and Auction. This article does not include any of the many thousands of books, catalogues, and essays that are monographic studies of individual contemporary artists, because it would be invidious to select a small number. For similar reasons, entries on journals, websites, and blogs are omitted. A select listing of them may be found in Terry Smith, Contemporary Art: World Currents (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011; Smith 2011 cited under Surveys). Books on art movements are not to be found because contemporary art, unlike modern art, has no movements in the same art-historical sense. It consists of currents, tendencies, relationships, concerns, and interests and is the product of a complex condition in which different senses of history are coming into play. With regret, this article confines itself to publications in English, the international language of the contemporary art world. This fact obscures the importance and valiance of certain local-language publications, even though many key texts were issued simultaneously both in the local language and English, and many others have subsequently been translated. In acknowledgment of this lacuna, a subsection on Primary Documents has been included.

scholarly journals Pattern and Potential Causes of White-faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi, Establishment in the Northern Prairie and Parkland Region of North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Shaffer ◽  
Gregory A. Knutsen ◽  
Ron E. Martin ◽  
Joel S. Brice
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Nonbreeding Season ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Nesting Activity

The Northern Prairie and Parkland Waterbird Conservation Plan calls for renewed attention to determining the current status of waterbird populations, their distributions, and conservation needs. It highlights the need for baseline information on the White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi). In response, we examined the historical and current distribution of the ibis in North Dakota and summarized first sightings and nest records for the provinces and other states composing the northern prairie and parkland region. The establishment of breeding colonies of White-faced Ibis here may be due to climate and precipitation patterns, invasion and spread of Narrowleaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia), changes in agricultural practices, habitat loss and range expansion in the southern and western portions of the species’ range, and increases in ibis populations in the Intermountain West. We placed special emphasis on North Dakota, a state for which there is scant published information concerning the current status of this species. In recent decades, the ibis has become a regular breeding-season resident in North Dakota and in other areas of the northern prairie and parkland region. From 1882 to 2002, there were 145 reports of one or more Whitefaced Ibis in North Dakota, including 93 reports during the breeding season (15 May to 31 August), 49 during the nonbreeding season (1 September to 14 May), and three for which the season of occurrence was not reported. Prior to the 1960s, there were only three records of the species in North Dakota. Observations of White-faced Ibises in North Dakota increased dramatically between the 1960s and the early 21st century, and the species has been observed nearly annually since 1971. The first White-faced Ibis nesting activity in the state was recorded in 1978, and to date, there have been 21 known records of nesting activity in the state. The species nested in large (>300 ha) semipermanent or permanent wetlands within mixed-species colonies ranging in areal extent from small (0.1 ha) to fairly large (27 ha), and colonies were located in patches of emergent vegetation dominated by cattails (Typha) and bulrushes (Scirpus). We classify the White-faced Ibis as a fairly common migrant and a locally uncommon breeder east of the Missouri River and a casual migrant west of the Missouri River.

The View from the Top: A Century of PS Presidents' Perspectives on the Paleontological Society and Paleontology

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Continental Drift ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Mccarthy Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paleontological Society ◽  
Sister Organization ◽  
The 1960S

The Paleontological Society was founded in 1908, as a section of the Geological Society of America, for the purpose of promoting the science of paleontology. Although disciplinarily inclusive, our founders were an elitist, demographically limited group. Constitutional revisions over the past century trace the evolution of the PS, including increased democratization (with a setback during the McCarthy Era, but accelerating following the turmoil of society as a whole during the 1960s), internationalization, independence from the GSA and our sister organization SEPM, and broadening of our activities and concerns. Comments by Paleontological Society presidents, in their presidential addresses and/or a survey I conducted, reinforce these conclusions. In addition, the presidential addresses demonstrate the shifting concerns and interests of paleontologists over the past century: emphasis on stratigraphic paleontology during the early years of the Society; avoidance of the topic of evolution during the antievolution movement of the 1920s – 1950s; lack of participation in the debates over continental drift; development of paleobiology. Many presidents focused on the identity of paleontology, either praising our potential for contributions to science and society or bemoaning our status and recommending remedies for our situation. Despite some predictions of impending extinction of paleontology and the PS, both our Society and our field remain vigorous as we begin our second century.

scholarly journals Marine Cyanophages Demonstrate Biogeographic Patterns throughout the Global Ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijun Huang ◽  
Si Zhang ◽  
Nianzhi Jiao ◽  
Feng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Distinct Distribution

ABSTRACTMyoviruses and podoviruses that infect cyanobacteria are the two major groups of marine cyanophages, but little is known of how their phylogenetic lineages are distributed in different habitats. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of cyanopodoviruses and cyanomyoviruses based on the existing genomes. The 28 cyanomyoviruses were classified into four clusters (I to IV), and 19 of the 20 cyanopodoviruses were classified into two clusters, MPP-A and MPP-B, with four subclusters within cluster MPP-B. These genomes were used to recruit cyanophage-like fragments from microbial and viral metagenomes to estimate the relative abundances of these cyanophage lineages. Our results showed that cyanopodoviruses and cyanomyoviruses are both abundant in various marine environments and that clusters MPP-B, II and III appear to be the most dominant lineages. Cyanopodoviruses and cluster I and IV cyanomyoviruses exhibited habitat-related variability in their relative levels of abundance, while cluster II and III cyanomyoviruses appeared to be consistently dominant in various habitats. Multivariate analyses showed that reads that mapped toSynechococcusphages andProchlorococcusphages had distinct distribution patterns that were significantly correlated to those ofSynechococcusandProchlorococcus, respectively. The Mantel test also revealed a strong correlation between the community compositions of cyanophages and picocyanobacteria. Given that cyanomyoviruses tend to have a broad host range and some can cross-infectSynechococcusandProchlorococcus, while cyanopodoviruses are commonly host specific, the observation that their community compositions both correlated significantly with that of picocyanobacteria was unexpected. Although cyanomyoviruses and cyanopodoviruses differ in host specificity, their biogeographic distributions are likely both constrained by the picocyanobacterial community.

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