Historically, radioecology is a branch of radiation biology that focuses on the movement of radionuclides through the biosphere and thereby affects ecological processes, but also the composition and the functioning of ecosystems. Modern radioecology has expanded to include studies of the consequences of radiation for biological processes (e.g., adaptation and evolution) and organismal, population, and ecosystem endpoints (Mothersill and Seymour 2012, cited under Bystander Effects). Radioecology is the scientific discipline focusing on how radioactive substances interact with nature, the mechanisms responsible for migration of such substances, and the uptake of radioactive substances in individuals, in the food chain that is composed of these individuals, and in ecosystems that are composed of the populations of these different species. Radioecological research may consist of field experiments to ensure biological realism in experiments, designed field and laboratory experiments, and the development of predictive simulation and population models. This interdisciplinary science combines aspects from basic biology; traditional scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, and ecology; and applied aspects of radiation protection. Radioecological studies form the basis for estimating doses and assessing the consequences of radioactive pollution for the health of the environment, but ultimately also for all living organisms, including humans. While radiation may have broad-scale consequences for living beings, and for the future of the entire planet, radioecology constitutes, perhaps surprisingly, but a modest branch of research. We can most readily display this marginal role by listing the number of citations of scientific publications in radioecology and accompanying fields. The number of citations at Web of Science accessed 3 September 2018 in radioecology (179) is much smaller than other fields of biology, such as ecology (2,513,600), evolution (1,895,861), genomics (418,078), and genetics (6,351,551). This distribution of citations for different fields of biology, ecology, and radiation biology implies that radioecology is a young and marginal science, barely visible when compared with these other major fields. The number of citations (on Web of Science accessed 3 September 2018) for fifty scientists currently working in radioecology (with connections to radiation/radioactivity) was unevenly distributed with two scientists exceeding 30,000, eight scientists exceeding 3,000 citations, and the remaining scientists receiving less than 3,000 citations. This suggests that papers dealing with mature sciences published in general journals get citation scores as high as research in any other field. Finally, we provide a list of five fields of radioecology that potentially could be particularly productive and hence impact the distribution of overall citation scores within and among fields. Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge Gennadi Milinevsky and Igor Chizhevsky for logistic support and help in organizing fieldwork in Ukraine, and Isao Nishiumi and Keisuke Ueda for help with field work in Fukushima. We received funding from the CNRS (France), the University of South Carolina, the Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust, and the US Fulbright Program to conduct our research.