scholarly journals Elevational niche-shift migration: Why the degree of elevational change matters for the ecology, evolution, and physiology of migratory birds

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie L Williamson ◽  
Christopher C Witt
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Niche Shift ◽  
Migratory Connectivity ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Air Density ◽  
Elevational Migration

Abstract Elevational migration can be defined as roundtrip seasonal movement that involves upward and downward shifts in elevation. These shifts incur physiological challenges that are proportional to the degree of elevational change. Larger shifts in elevation correspond to larger shifts in partial pressure of oxygen, air density, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Although most avian examples of elevational migration involve subtle shifts that would have minimal impacts on physiology, shifts of any magnitude have previously been considered under the broad umbrella of “elevational migration”. Here, we consider extreme seasonal elevational movements (≥2,000 m), sufficient to shift the elevational dimension of the eco-climatic niche. Migratory bird populations typically maintain inter-seasonal stability in the temperature, precipitation, and elevational aspects of their climatic niches, a tendency that likely reflects genetic physiological specialization on environmental conditions such as atmospheric pressure. A shift of ≥2,000 m involves a ≥20% change in air density and oxygen partial pressure, sufficient to incur functionally impactful declines in arterial blood-oxygen saturation and require compensatory shifts in respiratory physiology. We refer to this phenomenon as elevational niche-shift migration (ENSM). In this review, we analyzed >4 million occurrence records to identify 105 populations, representing 92 bird species, that undergo complete or partial ENSM. We identified key ecological and evolutionary questions regarding the causes and consequences of ENSM. Our synthesis reveals that ENSM has evolved independently in at least 29 avian families spanning 10 orders. Nonetheless, ENSM is rare relative to other forms of seasonal migration, consistent with the general tendency of seasonal niche conservatism by migratory species and evolutionarily conserved elevational range limits. For many migratory species and populations, within-species patterns of migratory connectivity are not sufficiently understood to determine ENSM status. ENSM is distinguished by its scale within the broader phenomenon of elevational migration. Critical examination of ENSM illustrates fundamental constraints on the ecology and evolution of migration systems, topographical influences on geographic patterns of migratory connectivity, and the remarkable metabolic flexibility of certain bird species that allows them to occupy disparate elevations across different seasons.

Atrial fibrillation associated with carbon monoxide poisoning

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-206
Author(s):  
Mevlut Demir ◽  
◽  
Muslum Sahin ◽  
Ahmet Korkmaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sinus Rhythm ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

Carbon monoxide intoxication occurs usually via inhalation of carbon monoxide that is emitted as a result of a fire, furnace, space heater, generator, motor vehicle. A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department at about 5:00 a.m., with complaints of nausea, vomiting and headache. He was accompanied by his wife and children. His venous blood gas measures were: pH was 7.29, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was 42 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was 28 mmHg, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was 12.7% (reference interval: 0.5%-2.5%) and oxygen saturation was 52.4%. Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination showed that the patient was not in sinus rhythm but had atrial fibrillation. After three hours the laboratory examination was repeated: Troponin was 1.2 pg/ml and in the arterial blood gas COHb was 3%. The examination of the findings on the monitor showed that the sinus rhythm was re-established. The repeated ECG examination confirmed the conversion to the sinus rhythm. He was monitored with the normobaric oxygen administration.

Integrating tracking and resight data enables unbiased inferences about migratory connectivity and winter range survival from archival tags

The Condor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark S Rushing ◽  
Aimee M Van Tatenhove ◽  
Andrew Sharp ◽  
Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez ◽  
Mary C Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Migratory Connectivity ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Pet Trade ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
Archival Tags ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Archival geolocators have transformed the study of small, migratory organisms but analysis of data from these devices requires bias correction because tags are only recovered from individuals that survive and are re-captured at their tagging location. We show that integrating geolocator recovery data and mark–resight data enables unbiased estimates of both migratory connectivity between breeding and nonbreeding populations and region-specific survival probabilities for wintering locations. Using simulations, we first demonstrate that an integrated Bayesian model returns unbiased estimates of transition probabilities between seasonal ranges. We also used simulations to determine how different sampling designs influence the estimability of transition probabilities. We then parameterized the model with tracking data and mark–resight data from declining Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) populations breeding in the eastern United States, hypothesized to be threatened by the illegal pet trade in parts of their Caribbean, nonbreeding range. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that male buntings wintering in Cuba were 20% less likely to return to the breeding grounds than birds wintering elsewhere in their range. Improving inferences from archival tags through proper data collection and further development of integrated models will advance our understanding of the full annual cycle ecology of migratory species.

scholarly journals Analysis of Arterial Blood Gas Values Based on Storage Time Since Sampling: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521
Author(s):  
Alejandro Montero-Salinas ◽  
Marta Pérez-Ramos ◽  
Fernando Toba-Alonso ◽  
Leticia Quintana-DelRío ◽  
Jorge Suanzes-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Aim. To evaluate the influence of time on arterial blood gas values after artery puncture is performed. Method. Prospective longitudinal observational study carried out with gasometric samples from 86 patients, taken at different time intervals (0 (T0), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) min), from 21 October 2019 to 21 October 2020. The study variables were: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, potassium, lactic acid, pH, partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen, sodium and glucose. Results. The initial sample consisted of a total of 90 patients. Out of all the participants, four were discarded as they did not understand the purpose of the study; therefore, the total number of participants was 86, 51% of whom were men aged 72.59 on average (SD: 16.23). In the intra-group analysis, differences in PCO2, HCO3, hematocrit, Hb, K+ and and lactic acid were observed between the initial time of the test and the 15, 30 and 60 min intervals. In addition, changes in pH, pO2, SO2, Na and glucose were noted 30 min after the initial sample had been taken. Conclusions. The variation in the values, despite being significant, has no clinical relevance. Consequently, the recommendation continues to be the analysis of the GSA at the earliest point to ensure the highest reliability of the data and to provide the patient with the most appropriate treatment based on those results.

Reference intervals for venous blood gas measurement in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty L. Ress ◽  
Gus Koerbin ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Douglas Chesher ◽  
Phillip Bwititi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

AbstractObjectivesVenous blood gas (VBG) analysis is becoming a popular alternative to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis due to reduced risk of complications at phlebotomy and ease of draw. In lack of published data, this study aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for correct interpretation of VBG results.MethodsOne hundred and 51 adult volunteers (101 females, 50 males 18–70 y), were enrolled after completion of a health questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn into safePICO syringes and analysed on ABL827 blood gas analyser (Radiometer Pacific Pty. Ltd.). A non-parametric approach was used to directly establish the VBG RI which was compared to a calculated VBG RI based on a meta-analysis of differences between ABG and VBGResultsAfter exclusions, 134 results were used to derive VBG RI: pH 7.30–7.43, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 38–58 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 19–65 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–30 mmol/L, sodium 135–143 mmol/L, potassium 3.6–4.5 mmol/L, chloride 101–110 mmol/L, ionised calcium 1.14–1.29 mmol/L, lactate 0.4–2.2 mmol/L, base excess (BE) −1.9–4.5 mmol/L, saturated oxygen (sO2) 23–93%, carboxyhaemoglobin 0.4–1.4% and methaemoglobin 0.3–0.9%. The meta-analysis revealed differences between ABG and VBG for pH, HCO3−, pCO2 and pO2 of 0.032, −1.0 mmol/L, −4.2 and 39.9 mmHg, respectively. Using this data along with established ABG RI, calculated VBG RI of pH 7.32–7.42, HCO3− 23 – 27 mmol/L, pCO2 36–49 mmHg (Female), pCO2 39–52 mmHg (Male) and pO2 43–68 mmHg were formulated and compared to the VBG RI of this study.ConclusionsAn adult reference interval has been established to assist interpretation of VBG results.

Interaction of hypoxia and hypercapnia on cerebral hemodynamics and brain electrical activity in dogs

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (4) ◽  
pp. H890-H897 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McPherson ◽  
D. Eimerl ◽  
R. J. Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure ◽  
O2 Delivery

The interaction of hypoxic hypoxia, hypercapnia, and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was studied in 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized ventilated dogs. In one group of animals (n = 5) hypercapnia [arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) approximately 50 Torr] was added to both moderate hypoxia and severe hypoxia. Moderate hypoxia [arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) = 36 mmHg] increased MABP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) without changes in cerebral O2 uptake (CMRO2). Superimposed hypercapnia increased CBF and MABP further with no change in CMRO2. In another group of animals (n = 5), a MABP increase of approximately 40 mmHg during moderate hypoxia without hypercapnia did not further increase CBF, suggesting intact autoregulation. Thus, during moderate hypoxia, hypercapnia is capable of increasing CBF. Severe hypoxia (PaO2 = 22 mmHg) increased CBF, but MABP and CMRO2 declined. Superimposed hypercapnia further decreased MABP and decreased CBF from its elevated level and further decreased CMRO2. Raising MABP under these circumstances in another animal group (n = 5) increased CBF above the level present during severe hypoxia alone and increased CMRO2. The change in CBF and CMRO2 during severe hypoxia plus hypercapnia with MABP elevation were not different from that severe hypoxia alone. We conclude that, during hypoxia sufficiently severe to impair CMRO2, superimposed hypercapnia has a detrimental influence due to decreased MABP, which causes a decrease in CBF and cerebral O2 delivery.

Conservation of the Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor ? management lessons for a threatened migratory species

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Saunders ◽  
Raymond Brereton ◽  
Chris Tzaros ◽  
Mark Holdsworth ◽  
Rob Price
Keyword(s):  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Large Numbers

Conserving habitat for wide-ranging fauna species provides a challenge because impacts on these species tend to be dismissed based on the assumption that there is sufficient habitat in other areas of its range. This incremental loss of habitat is a serious conservation issue for a diversity of bird species. As knowledge of wide-ranging and migratory bird species increases, it often becomes evident that they select specific sites on a regular basis (i.e., the species exhibit site fidelity). Gaining a better understanding of site fidelity and selective habitat use for wide-ranging species is clearly important, but also extremely challenging. In this paper, challenges associated with conservation of the migratory and wide-ranging Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor are discussed as an example of how a recovery programme has aimed to address such conservation and management challenges. Despite the small population size (less than 2 500 birds), broad distribution (1 250 000 km2) and often cryptic nature, the implementation of the national recovery programme has been successful in the identification and protection of important habitats. This has been made possible by involving large numbers of volunteers who collect long-term sighting and habitat data over large areas, together with more detailed ecological research. This information is then used to inform the conservation assessment process and to improve habitat conservation throughout the range of the species.

scholarly journals Genomes to space stations: the need for the integrative study of migration for avian conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Fudickar ◽  
Ellen D. Ketterson
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Migratory Connectivity ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Avian Migration ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Radical Transformation

Ongoing changes to global weather patterns and human modifications of the environment have altered the breeding and non-breeding ranges of migratory species, the timing of their migrations, and even whether they continue to migrate at all. Animal movements are arguably one of the most difficult behaviours to study, particularly in smaller birds that migrate tens to thousands of kilometres seasonally, often moving hundreds of kilometres each day. The recent miniaturization of tracking and logging devices has led to a radical transformation in our understanding of avian migratory behaviour and migratory connectivity. While advances in technology have altered the way researchers study migratory behaviour in the field, advances in techniques related to the study of physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying migratory behaviour have rarely been integrated into field studies of tracking. To predict the capacity of migrants to adjust to a changing planet, it is essential that we combine avian migration data with physiological and genetic measurements taken at key time points prior to, during and after migration.

scholarly journals Flight range, fuel load and the impact of climate change on the journeys of migrant birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1873) ◽  
pp. 20172329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Howard ◽  
Philip A. Stephens ◽  
Joseph A. Tobias ◽  
Catherine Sheard ◽  
Stuart H. M. Butchart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avian Flight ◽  
Flight Range ◽  
Combine Information ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is predicted to increase migration distances for many migratory species, but the physiological and temporal implications of longer migratory journeys have not been explored. Here, we combine information about species' flight range potential and migratory refuelling requirements to simulate the number of stopovers required and the duration of current migratory journeys for 77 bird species breeding in Europe. Using tracking data, we show that our estimates accord with recorded journey times and stopovers for most species. We then combine projections of altered migratory distances under climate change with models of avian flight to predict future migratory journeys. We find that 37% of migratory journeys undertaken by long-distance migrants will necessitate an additional stopover in future. These greater distances and the increased number of stops will substantially increase overall journey durations of many long-distance migratory species, a factor not currently considered in climate impact studies.

In Vivo Analysis of Gas Transport in Arterial and Venous Blood of the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon Marinus

1992 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
B. L. TUFTS ◽  
B. BAGATTO ◽  
B. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
In Vivo Analysis

Exercise in sea lampreys resulted in a significant decrease in the extracellular pH (pHe) in both arterial and venous blood. At rest, the erythrocyte pH (pHi) of venous blood was significantly greater than the pHi of arterial blood. Despite the considerable extracellular acidosis after exercise, both arterial and venous pHi were maintained throughout the recovery period. In the venous blood, there was a reversal of the pH gradient (ΔpH) across the erythrocyte membrane immediately after exercise. Exercise also resulted in significant reductions in the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen-carriage and a significant increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial and venous blood. Although the total CO2 concentration of the plasma decreased after exercise, erythrocyte total CO2 concentrations (CCOCO2,i) increased. In venous blood, the CCOCO2,i immediately after exercise was double the resting value. At rest, partitioning of the total CO2 content between plasma and erythrocytes indicated that 16 % and 22 % of the total CO2 could be attributed to the erythrocytes in arterial and venous whole blood, respectively. After exercise, these percentages increased to 25% (arterial) and 38% (venous). Changes in CCOCO2,i accounted for 62% of the arteriovenous difference in whole-blood total CO2 at rest. This increased to 78% immediately after exercise. Thus, unlike other vertebrates, CO2 transport in the lamprey in vivo is largely dependent on erythrocyte CO2-carriage.

Feasıbılıty of Transcutaneous Method for Carbon Dıoxıde Monıtorıng in an Intensive Care Unıt

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazlıhan Boyacı ◽  
Sariyya Mammadova ◽  
Nurgül Naurizbay ◽  
Merve Güleryüz ◽  
Kamil İnci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PtCO2) monitorization provides a continuous and non-invasive measurement of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). In addition, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) can also be measured and followed by this method. However, data regarding the correlation between PtCO2 and arterial pCO2 (PaCO2) measurements acquired from peripheric arterial blood gas is controversial. Objective: We aimed to determine the reliability of PtCO2 with PaCO2 based on its advantages, like non-invasiveness and continuous applicability. Methods: Thirty-five adult patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure admitted to our tertiary medical intensive care unit (ICU) were included. Then we compared PtCO2 and PaCO2 and both SpO2 measurements simultaneously. Thirty measurements from the deltoid zone and 26 measurements from the cheek zone were applied. Results: PtCO2 could not be measured from the deltoid region in 5 (14%) patients. SpO2 and pulse rate could not be detected at 8 (26.7%) of the deltoid zone measurements. Correlation coefficients between PtCO2 and PaCO2 from deltoid and the cheek region were r: 0,915 and r: 0,946 (p = 0,0001). In comparison with the Bland-Altman test, difference in deltoid measurements was -1,38 ± 1,18 mmHg (p = 0.252) and in cheek measurements it was -5,12 ± 0,92 mmHg (p = 0,0001). There was no statistically significant difference between SpO2 measurements in each region. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PtCO2 and SpO2 measurements from the deltoid region are reliable compared to the arterial blood gas analysis in hypercapnic ICU patients. More randomized controlled studies investigating the effects of different measurement areas, hemodynamic parameters, and hemoglobin levels are needed.

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