In Vivo Analysis of Gas Transport in Arterial and Venous Blood of the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon Marinus

1992 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
B. L. TUFTS ◽  
B. BAGATTO ◽  
B. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
In Vivo Analysis

Exercise in sea lampreys resulted in a significant decrease in the extracellular pH (pHe) in both arterial and venous blood. At rest, the erythrocyte pH (pHi) of venous blood was significantly greater than the pHi of arterial blood. Despite the considerable extracellular acidosis after exercise, both arterial and venous pHi were maintained throughout the recovery period. In the venous blood, there was a reversal of the pH gradient (ΔpH) across the erythrocyte membrane immediately after exercise. Exercise also resulted in significant reductions in the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen-carriage and a significant increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial and venous blood. Although the total CO2 concentration of the plasma decreased after exercise, erythrocyte total CO2 concentrations (CCOCO2,i) increased. In venous blood, the CCOCO2,i immediately after exercise was double the resting value. At rest, partitioning of the total CO2 content between plasma and erythrocytes indicated that 16 % and 22 % of the total CO2 could be attributed to the erythrocytes in arterial and venous whole blood, respectively. After exercise, these percentages increased to 25% (arterial) and 38% (venous). Changes in CCOCO2,i accounted for 62% of the arteriovenous difference in whole-blood total CO2 at rest. This increased to 78% immediately after exercise. Thus, unlike other vertebrates, CO2 transport in the lamprey in vivo is largely dependent on erythrocyte CO2-carriage.

Atrial fibrillation associated with carbon monoxide poisoning

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-206
Author(s):  
Mevlut Demir ◽  
◽  
Muslum Sahin ◽  
Ahmet Korkmaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sinus Rhythm ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

Carbon monoxide intoxication occurs usually via inhalation of carbon monoxide that is emitted as a result of a fire, furnace, space heater, generator, motor vehicle. A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department at about 5:00 a.m., with complaints of nausea, vomiting and headache. He was accompanied by his wife and children. His venous blood gas measures were: pH was 7.29, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was 42 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was 28 mmHg, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was 12.7% (reference interval: 0.5%-2.5%) and oxygen saturation was 52.4%. Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination showed that the patient was not in sinus rhythm but had atrial fibrillation. After three hours the laboratory examination was repeated: Troponin was 1.2 pg/ml and in the arterial blood gas COHb was 3%. The examination of the findings on the monitor showed that the sinus rhythm was re-established. The repeated ECG examination confirmed the conversion to the sinus rhythm. He was monitored with the normobaric oxygen administration.

scholarly journals Supervised Machine Learning Methods and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques Jointly Applied for Brain Cancer Classification

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3827
Author(s):  
Gemma Urbanos ◽  
Alberto Martín ◽  
Guillermo Vázquez ◽  
Marta Villanueva ◽  
Manuel Villa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Arterial Blood

Hyperspectral imaging techniques (HSI) do not require contact with patients and are non-ionizing as well as non-invasive. As a consequence, they have been extensively applied in the medical field. HSI is being combined with machine learning (ML) processes to obtain models to assist in diagnosis. In particular, the combination of these techniques has proven to be a reliable aid in the differentiation of healthy and tumor tissue during brain tumor surgery. ML algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) are used to make predictions and provide in-vivo visualizations that may assist neurosurgeons in being more precise, hence reducing damages to healthy tissue. In this work, thirteen in-vivo hyperspectral images from twelve different patients with high-grade gliomas (grade III and IV) have been selected to train SVM, RF and CNN classifiers. Five different classes have been defined during the experiments: healthy tissue, tumor, venous blood vessel, arterial blood vessel and dura mater. Overall accuracy (OACC) results vary from 60% to 95% depending on the training conditions. Finally, as far as the contribution of each band to the OACC is concerned, the results obtained in this work are 3.81 times greater than those reported in the literature.

Carbon Dioxide Equilibration in Canine Lungs during Rebreathing and Acute Alkalosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Latimer ◽  
G. Laszlo
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Venous Pco2 ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Gas Pressures

1. The left lower lobe of the lungs of six anaesthetized dogs were isolated by the introduction of a bronchial cannula at thoracotomy. Catheters were introduced into the main pulmonary artery and a vein draining the isolated lobe. 2. Blood-gas pressures and pH were measured across the isolated lobe and compared with gas pressures in alveolar samples from the lobe. 3. When the isolated lobe was allowed to reach gaseous equilibrium with pulmonary arterial blood for 30 min, there was no significant difference between alveolar and pulmonary venous Pco2. Mean values of whole-blood base excess were similar in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood. 4. After injection of 20 ml of 8·4% sodium bicarbonate solution into a peripheral vein, Pco2, pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrations rose in the mixed venous blood. There was no change of whole-blood base excess across the lung, indicating that HCO−3, as distinct from dissolved CO2, did not enter lung tissue in measurable amounts. 5. No systematic alveolar—pulmonary venous Pco2 differences were demonstrated in this preparation other than those explicable by maldistribution of lobar blood flow.

Reference intervals for venous blood gas measurement in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty L. Ress ◽  
Gus Koerbin ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Douglas Chesher ◽  
Phillip Bwititi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

AbstractObjectivesVenous blood gas (VBG) analysis is becoming a popular alternative to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis due to reduced risk of complications at phlebotomy and ease of draw. In lack of published data, this study aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for correct interpretation of VBG results.MethodsOne hundred and 51 adult volunteers (101 females, 50 males 18–70 y), were enrolled after completion of a health questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn into safePICO syringes and analysed on ABL827 blood gas analyser (Radiometer Pacific Pty. Ltd.). A non-parametric approach was used to directly establish the VBG RI which was compared to a calculated VBG RI based on a meta-analysis of differences between ABG and VBGResultsAfter exclusions, 134 results were used to derive VBG RI: pH 7.30–7.43, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 38–58 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 19–65 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–30 mmol/L, sodium 135–143 mmol/L, potassium 3.6–4.5 mmol/L, chloride 101–110 mmol/L, ionised calcium 1.14–1.29 mmol/L, lactate 0.4–2.2 mmol/L, base excess (BE) −1.9–4.5 mmol/L, saturated oxygen (sO2) 23–93%, carboxyhaemoglobin 0.4–1.4% and methaemoglobin 0.3–0.9%. The meta-analysis revealed differences between ABG and VBG for pH, HCO3−, pCO2 and pO2 of 0.032, −1.0 mmol/L, −4.2 and 39.9 mmHg, respectively. Using this data along with established ABG RI, calculated VBG RI of pH 7.32–7.42, HCO3− 23 – 27 mmol/L, pCO2 36–49 mmHg (Female), pCO2 39–52 mmHg (Male) and pO2 43–68 mmHg were formulated and compared to the VBG RI of this study.ConclusionsAn adult reference interval has been established to assist interpretation of VBG results.

Acid-base equilibrium during acute long-lasting experiments in artificially ventilated cats

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R126-R131
Author(s):  
C. Galletti ◽  
M. G. Maioli ◽  
E. R. Sanseverino
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Equilibrium ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Expired Air

Experiments were carried out to study blood acid-base equilibrium in the cat during experiments with artificial ventilation. Blood acid-base equilibrium was examined in the arterial and venous blood by analyzing pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressure, and plasma bicarbonates. Artificial ventilation was regulated on the basis of this analysis; CO2 concentration in expired air was monitored throughout the experiment. An attempt was made to verify if artificial ventilation could be regulated indirectly only on the basis of CO2 concentration in expired air. The most appropriate acid-base equilibrium was maintained when CO2 concentration in expired air was kept within the range of 3.9-4.1%.

Effect of thermal helium oxygen mixture оn сentral hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
L. V. Shogenova ◽  
A. G. Chuchalin ◽  
A. A. Panin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
High Flow Oxygen ◽  
Hypercapnic Acute Respiratory Failure

The aim of this study is to assessment of the rapid effects of t-He/O2 in comparison with the effective level of high-flow oxygen therapy (HPO) on the main indicators of oxygen transport, central and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with hypercapnic acute respiratory failure.Methods. A total of 33 (29 male, 4 female) patients were included in a randomized, comparative study with exacerbation of COPD and acute respiratory failure, admitted to the department of anesthesiology and intensive care of D.D.Pletnev City Teaching Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, between March and May 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: the 1st group – 18 patients (15 male, 3 female) receiving t-He/O2 (He – 70%, O2 – 30% at a temperature of 70 °C; the 2nd group – 15 patients (14 male, 1 female) receiving high-flow oxygen therapy with FiO2 – 30% through a Venturi mask for the treatment of ODN against the background of basic therapy of the underlying disease, according to the recommendations of GOLD 2016. Assessment of oxygen transport, central and pulmonary hemodynamics was carried out through the definition of indicators: saturation of hemoglobin of arterial blood with oxygen (SaO2), saturation of venous blood hemoglobin with oxygen (SvO2), partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen (РaO2), partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide (РaCO2), partial pressure of mixed venous blood oxygen (РvO2), partial pressure of mixed venous blood carbon dioxide (РvCO2),mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), cardiac output (SV), heart index (CI), pulmonary vascular resistance (RVRI), impact volume index (SVI), pulmonary vascular resistance index (RVRI), left ventricular shock index (LVSW), right ventricular shock index (RVSW), system speed of oxygen delivery (DO2), the coeffiCIent of extraction of oxygen (ExO2), shunt fractions (venous mixing) (Qs / Qt)).Results. Short-term inhalation with a thermal helium-oxygen mixture in patients with COPD with hypercapnic acute respiratory failure is accompanied by an increase in SaO2 94,1 (92,8; 97,5) initially 86,1 (85,9; 88,1), РаО2 (78,1 (74,8; 80,1) initially 55,2 (52,5; 65,3)), decline РаСО2 (57,4 (54,2; 66.4) initially 65,4 (58,1; 67,2)). Thermal helium-oxygen mixture leads to stabilization of hemodynamics, improving the work of the right and left heart: decline MPAP 28,2 (24,3; 32,8) initially 43,3 (40,1; 49,5), RVRI (285,3 (258,4; 362,7) initially 592,1 (498,2; 623,5)), RVSW (16,2 (14,1; 21,4) initially 25,8 (21,8; 32)), HR 91,1 (86,4; 98,7) initially 115 ((105; 118) to increase LVSW (58,2 (49,8; 62,4) initially 35,5 (28,9; 42,1)), SVI 36,2 (31,8; 42,1) initially 31,5 (28,4; 36,2). Elimination of arterial hypoxemia and a positive effect on hemodynamics ensures adequate oxygen transport to tissues, which is expressed in the normalization of DO2 values DO2 (980,4 (858,45; 1208) initially 280,3 (270,34; 387,4)) и ExO2 (27,8 (25,6; 34,5) initially 32,1 (30,7; 39,8) and decline Qs/Qt. (28,7 (18,6; 35,4) initially 42,8 (39,2; 49,1).Conclusion. Short-term therapy of patients with COPD with hypercapnic acute respiratory failure using the t-He/O2 method, in comparison with high-flow oxygen therapy, improves blood oxygenation and hemodynamics. Elimination of arterial hypoxemia and a positive effect on hemodynamics made it possible to ensure adequate oxygen transport to tissues, which was expressed in the normalization of transport values, oxygen delivery, and a decrease in the shunt fraction.

ESR spectral transition by arteriovenous cycle in nitric oxide hemoglobin of cytokine-treated rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (5) ◽  
pp. C1400-C1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kosaka ◽  
Y. Sawai ◽  
H. Sakaguchi ◽  
E. Kumura ◽  
N. Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Esr Spectra ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Nitric oxide (NO) generation was induced in rats by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of NO hemoglobin (HbNO). However, there were inconsistencies in ESR spectral shape among them. We have therefore carried out a systematic study to clarify the in vivo spectral changes. First, the spectra of the alpha-NO heme species had the distinct three-line hyperfine structure in venous blood but not in arterial blood in all rats treated with tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and/or LPS, and methemoglobin was not detected at the g = 6 (high-spin methemoglobin) region. Second, when the treated rats died, the three-line hyperfine structure was very distinct even in arterial blood. Third, even if HbNO was formed by injection of nitrite to rats, the three-line hyperfine structure of HbNO in venous blood was more marked than that in arterial blood, independent of the appearance of the methemoglobin signal. Fourth, an ex vivo study using whole blood demonstrated that the three-line hyperfine structure intensified lineally when O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreased but disappeared on reoxygenation of hemoglobin. These results directly demonstrate in vivo quaternary structural transition of the hemoglobin tetramer from the high-affinity state in the arterial cycle to the low-affinity state in the venous cycle. The transition makes the diverse ESR spectra of HbNO in vivo.

scholarly journals Hyperoxia in portal vein causes enhanced vasoconstriction in arterial vascular bed

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov ◽  
Dustin Becker ◽  
Max L. Hefti ◽  
Matteo Mueller ◽  
Catherine Hagedorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Blood

AbstractLong-term perfusion of liver grafts outside of the body may enable repair of poor-quality livers that are currently declined for transplantation, mitigating the global shortage of donor livers. In current ex vivo liver perfusion protocols, hyperoxic blood (arterial blood) is commonly delivered in the portal vein (PV). We perfused porcine livers for one week and investigated the effect of and mechanisms behind hyperoxia in the PV on hepatic arterial resistance. Applying PV hyperoxia in porcine livers (n = 5, arterial PV group), we observed an increased need for vasodilator Nitroprussiat (285 ± 162 ml/week) to maintain the reference hepatic artery flow of 0.25 l/min during ex vivo perfusion. With physiologic oxygenation (venous blood) in the PV the need for vasodilator could be reduced to 41 ± 34 ml/week (p = 0.011; n = 5, venous PV group). This phenomenon has not been reported previously, owing to the fact that such experiments are not feasible practically in vivo. We investigated the mechanism of the variation in HA resistance in response to blood oxygen saturation with a focus on the release of vasoactive substances, such as Endothelin 1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO), at the protein and mRNA levels. However, no difference was found between groups for ET-1 and NO release. We propose direct oxygen sensing of endothelial cells and/or increased NO break down rate with hyperoxia as possible explanations for enhanced HA resistance.

A Critical Investigation into the Existence of Circulating Platelet Aggregates

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 045-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
A R Saniabadi ◽  
G D O Lowe ◽  
R Madhok ◽  
K Spowart ◽  
B Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelet ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Platelet Aggregates

SummaryBy a method of counting single platelets in diluted whole blood, platelet aggregates were quantified ex-vivo. Four groups: 20 thrombotic patients, 10 non-thrombotic patients, 10 healthy old controls and 10 healthy young controls were included in the study. Using a 19 gauge needle, with and without tubing, venous blood was taken into buffered EDTA, as a disaggregating agent and buffered EDTA-formalin, as the fixative. The amount of platelet aggregates quantified was affected by the quality of venepuncture or the rate of blood flow through the needle, but was unaffected by the presence of the tubing. There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups, in terms of the platelet aggregates quantified, but scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of irreversible aggregates, composed of platelet red and white blood cells, in the blood of a greater number of thrombotic patients than non-thrombotic or healthy controls. Platelet aggregates were also quantified in aliquots of platelet rich plasma, and were found to be significantly greater than the corresponding values in whole blood. The difference appeared to be due to increased viscosity of the plasma, induced by the fixative which reduces platelet mobility during centrifugation. It is concluded that the platelet aggregates which disaggregate in bufffered EDTA may represent an artifact of blood collection; the irreversible aggregates are suspected to represent the in vivo circulating aggregates.

scholarly journals Brain tissue acid-base changes during ischemia

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. E5 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Hoffman ◽  
Fady T. Charbel ◽  
Guy Edelman ◽  
James I. Ausman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Temporary Occlusion ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Cerebrovascular Surgery

It is likely that brain tissue acidosis during ischemia is associated with neuronal injury. The authors measured brain extracellular H+, PCO2 and HCO3- concentrations during an ischemic event produced by temporary occlusion of the middle or anterior cerebral arterial distributions, with a 10-minute recovery period. Patients who were to undergo craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery were recruited for the study. A probe that measures PCO2, pH, and temperature was inserted into tissue at risk for ischemia during temporary arterial occlusion. As a control for this treatment, PaCO2 was increased 10 mm Hg in five patients over a 10-minute period. Under baseline conditions, there was no difference in arterial blood pressure, blood gas levels, or brain temperature between patients who underwent temporary arterial occlusion or those in whom hypercapnia was induced. In patients in whom hypercapnia was induced, H+, PCO2, and HCO3- concentrations increased and all values returned to baseline levels within 10 minutes. In 10 patients who underwent a median 9-minute arterial occlusion, transient ischemia was seen with an increase in tissue H+ and PCO2 levels of 100% and 60%, respectively, and a 20% decrease in HCO3-levels. After a 10-minute postischemic recovery, only PCO2 had returned to baseline levels. These results are consistent with a rapid equilibration of lactic acidosis across the cell membrane during ischemia which decreases HCO3- concentration. After ischemia, extracellular acidosis may be prolonged because of the extrusion of H+ from the cell by membrane ion exchange.

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