A Theory of Ethnic Cleavages, Group Mobilization, and Conflict in Multiethnic States

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-60
Author(s):  
Manuel Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Multiethnic States ◽  
Group Mobilization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Multiethnic Societies

This chapter argues that the consequences of ethnic group mobilization depend on countries’ ethnic cleavage types. It introduces two ideal types of multiethnic societies: segmented unranked and stratified societies. The chapter traces the origins of these cleavage types back to the legacies of European overseas colonialism. It explains why the colonial settler states and the decolonized states constitute archetypical cases of stratified and segmented unranked societies, respectively. It then theorizes how these ethnic cleavage types affect the prevalence of different forms of conflict in multiethnic states today. In stratified societies, stable between-group hierarchies and a high degree of social integration deprive the marginalized groups of the capacity for armed rebellion and make the relative opportunity structure more conducive to peaceful direct action than to violence. In contrast, unstable group hierarchies and high social segmentation stimulate the capacity for violence and increase the relative opportunities for armed revolt compared to nonviolent strategies.

scholarly journals Ethnic Stratification and the Equilibrium of Inequality: Ethnic Conflict in Postcolonial States

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Mobilization ◽  
Ethnic Stratification ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Multiethnic States ◽  
States Experience ◽  
Group Mobilization ◽  
Postcolonial States ◽  
Multiethnic Societies

AbstractWhy are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European overseas colonialism, I investigate the effect of distinct ethnic cleavage types on the consequences of ethnic group mobilization. The colonial settler states and other stratified multiethnic states are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, ethnic mobilization in the decolonized states and other segmented multiethnic societies is more likely to trigger violent conflict. I test these arguments in a global quantitative study from 1946 to 2009, using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups. The results confirm that the extremely unequal colonial settler states experience less violence than the decolonized states and other multiethnic countries. Ethnic conflict is generally more likely the more segmented and less hierarchically structured multiethnic states are. Specifically, stable between-group hierarchies reduce the risk of governmental conflict, whereas segmentation affects secessionist violence.

Direct Actions in the Czech Environmental Movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Arnošt Novák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
Environmental Movements ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Environmental Milieu ◽  
Liberal Concept

Direct actions constitute an important repertoire of action for environmental movements in Western countries. This article differentiates two ideal types of this repertoire of action: the anarchist concept, which understands direct action in terms of values and as a preferred way of doing things; and the liberal concept, which uses direct action in an instrumental way. Based on my empirical research in post-socialist Czech Republic, the article focuses on debates over environmentalism and, to be more precise, on uses of direct actions by environmental organizations. It explains why the liberal concept was very limited and why direct action as a preferred way of doing things has not become a part of the repertoire of collective action. The article argues that the movement was politically moderate due to a combination of reasons: the very specific historical experience of the Czech environmental movement, which inclines it to use dialogue rather than confrontations with power; the fear of political hostility and marginalization by the state; and the internal dynamics of the environmental milieu.

The Inscriptions on the Gravestones in the Croatian Villages of Slovakia, Chunovo and Jarovce: The Specificity of Mixing Graphics Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Darya Yu. Vashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Traditional Spelling ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Village

The article discusses the inscriptions on funerary monuments from the Croatian villages of Cunovo and Jarovce, located in the South of Slovakia, near Bratislava. These inscriptions reflect the complicated sociocultural situation in the region, which is particularly specific due to the fact that this territory was included to Slovakia’s territory only after 1946, while earlier the village was part of Hungary. In addition, the local Croatian ethnic group was actively in close contact with the German and Hungarian communities. At the same time, the orthographic norms of the literary Croatian, German, Hungarian, and Slovak languages, which could potentially be owned by the authors of the inscriptions, differ in many ways, despite the Latin alphabet used on all the gravestones. All this is reflected in the tombstones, representing a high degree of mixing codes. The article identifies the main types of fusion on the monuments: separate orthograms, writing the maiden name of the deceased in the spelling of her native language, the traditional spelling of the family name. In addition, the mixing of codes can be associated with writing feminitives, also order of name and surname within the anthroponym. Moreover, the settlements themselves represent different ethnic groups coexistence within the village. Gravestones from the respective cemeteries also differ from each other in the nature of the prevailing trend of the mixing codes. In Jarovce, where the ethnic groups live compactly, fusion is often presented as a separate foreign language orthograms. In Cunovo, where the ethnic groups constitute a global conglomerate, more traditional presents for a specific family spelling of the names on the monument.

Young People in Transition: The National Identity of Minority Youth

2018 ◽  
pp. 274-302
Author(s):  
Anthony Heath ◽  
Konstanze Jacob ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Migration Background ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
The One

This chapter uses CIL4EU data to investigate strength of identification with the nation and with the ethnic group. It explores how these vary across ethnic and religious groups, generations, and destination countries and how far these differences can be explained by processes of social integration on the one hand or perceptions of being excluded on the other hand. The key findings are that young people with a migration background are less likely than those without a migration background to identify strongly with their country of residence. This holds true more or less irrespective of their ethnic group or religion. Differences between European and non-European minority groups, and between Muslims and members of other non-Christian religions were generally modest in size, rarely reached statistical significance and were dwarfed by the overall gap between minorities and the majority.

Developing an Index of Ethnic Community Participation

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Sengstock
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Ethnic Associations ◽  
High Degree

This paper is an attempt to construct an index of community characteristics of the Chaldean Iraqi-Americans residing in Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, by suggesting that an ethnic occupation, a high degree of intermarriage within the ethnic group, and geographical proximity, might serve to unite the Chaldean community as effectively as ethnic associations united the communities in Raymond Breton's study. These three variables are found to be intercorrelated and predictive of the general cultural behavior of the Chaldean community as well as of their values, social interaction patterns, and certain phases of general culture. This has several consequences for ethnic research.

Turkey and European Union Enlargement: Cross-Border Projects and the Pre-Accession Strategy for Non-Members

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 71-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Rumford
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Single Market ◽  
European Council ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
European Union Enlargement ◽  
Current Process ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
High Degree

Since the Customs Union came into effect on 1 January 1996, Turkey has effectively become part of the European Union's single market. This high degree of economic integration has not been matched in the sphere of political and social integration. Turkey was omitted from a list of countries with which accession negotiations began in March 1998, and the Cardiff European Council of May 1998 confirmed Turkey's marginalization from the current process of enlargement.

scholarly journals MICROBIAL PERSISTENCE

1966 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. McCune ◽  
Floyd M. Feldmann ◽  
Walsh McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
A Site ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Drug Influence

The capability of tubercle bacilli to assume a long continued sterile state in the tissues when exposed to pyrazinamide and isoniazid is a highly specific drug-microbe phenomenon in which host participation is not critical. Although it is the pyrazinamide that possesses the sterilizing type of action, the role of the isoniazid is specific and essential. The isoniazid serves to convert a phenomenon that occurs irregularly with pyrazinamide alone into one that occurs with a high degree of uniformity. The observations suggest a competition between isoniazid and the pyrazinamide (or its parent nicotinamide) for a site or entrance in or on the tubercle bacilli and for sterilization, the isoniazid apparently must reach the site first. The rare failures to attain complete sterilization, appear to depend on the emergence of pyrazinamide-resistance which prevents the necessary dependent action of the two drugs. Populations already in the sterile state are nevertheless subject to a continued drug influence. Whether this represents a direct action on the sterile bacilli or an indirect effect produced by making the environment hostile to microbial revival, cannot be determined from the present observations.

scholarly journals Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Flegontov ◽  
Piya Changmai ◽  
Anastassiya Zidkova ◽  
Maria D. Logacheva ◽  
Nefize Ezgi Altinisik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Autosomal Snps ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Genomic Study ◽  
The Yenisei River ◽  
High Degree

The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family. We investigated connections between the Kets and Siberian and North American populations, with emphasis on the Mal'ta and Paleo-Eskimo ancient genomes, using original data from 46 unrelated samples of Kets and 42 samples of their neighboring ethnic groups (Uralic-speaking Nganasans, Enets, and Selkups). We genotyped over 130,000 autosomal SNPs, identified mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups, and performed high-coverage genome sequencing of two Ket individuals. We established that Nganasans, Kets, Selkups, and Yukaghirs form a cluster of populations most closely related to Paleo-Eskimos in Siberia (not considering indigenous populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka). Kets are closely related to modern Selkups and to some Bronze and Iron Age populations of the Altai region, with all these groups sharing a high degree of Mal'ta ancestry. Implications of these findings for the linguistic hypothesis uniting Ket and Na-Dene languages into a language macrofamily are discussed.

scholarly journals Ethnicity and Unemployment in Finland

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Saarela ◽  
Fjalar Finnäs
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Ethnic Group Differences

This research note provides the general findings from a research project analyzing the reasons behind the lower unemployment rate of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland, compared with the Finnish-speaking majority. The main conclusion is that the unemployment gap cannot be attributed to ethnic-group differences in age, education, place of residence, or industrial structure. We believe that two latent factors are highly relevant in this context: language proficiency and social integration, although no data presently available provides information about such issues.

scholarly journals URGENSI KOMUNIKASI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM MEMBANGUN PENDIDIKAN HARMONI PASCA KONFLIK MASYARAKAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Hamlan Andi Baso Malla
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Group Culture ◽  
Islamic Values

Social conflict that has occurred in the District of Sigi cannot be separated from the withering of social values that have become the foundation of society so far in the same group, culture, ethnic group,  religion,  and social values.  This similarity does not guarantee that people can live in peace and harmony. Therefore, communication is needed to spread Islamic values to community in order that social conflict between people of villages in Sigi can be avoided. This in turn can lead to building peace and social integration based on Islamic values.

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