Weighing Relative and Absolute Proportionality in Punishment

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Göran Duus-Otterström
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Ideal

Conflicts between relative and absolute proportionality are an important puzzle facing retributivist thought. The question of how those conflicts should be handled has long been neglected. Relative proportionality refers to the ideal that punishments should be comparatively fair among offenders. Absolute proportionality refers to the ideal that punishments should be fitting, that is, neither too harsh nor too lenient. The two senses of proportionality contribute independently to the ideal of proportionality. Thus, it is not plausible to resolve conflicts between them by dropping one of them. Instead, the two senses of proportionality must be weighed. Recent literature about comparative and noncomparative desert provides some guidance for how the two types of proportionality should be weighed. If the two types of proportionality are of roughly equal moral weight, then our greater ability to reliably satisfy relative proportionality gives us some reason to give priority to relative proportionality.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Performance Metrics of Automated Driving Systems for On-Road Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mysore Narasimhamurthy Sharath ◽  
Babak Mehran
Keyword(s):  
Motion Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Multiple Stimulus ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Environment Perception ◽  
The Ideal

The article presents a review of recent literature on the performance metrics of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). More specifically, performance indicators of environment perception and motion planning modules are reviewed as they are the most complicated ADS modules. The need for the incorporation of the level of threat an obstacle poses in the performance metrics is described. A methodology to quantify the level of threat of an obstacle is presented in this regard. The approach involves simultaneously considering multiple stimulus parameters (that elicit responses from drivers), thereby not ignoring multivariate interactions. Human-likeness of ADS is a desirable characteristic as ADS share road infrastructure with humans. The described method can be used to develop human-like perception and motion planning modules of ADS. In this regard, performance metrics capable of quantifying human-likeness of ADS are also presented. A comparison of different performance metrics is then summarized. ADS operators have an obligation to report any incident (crash/disengagement) to safety regulating authorities. However, precrash events/states are not being reported. The need for the collection of the precrash scenario is described. A desirable modification to the data reporting/collecting is suggested as a framework. The framework describes the precrash sequences to be reported along with the possible ways of utilizing such a valuable dataset (by the safety regulating authorities) to comprehensively assess (and consequently improve) the safety of ADS. The framework proposes to collect and maintain a repository of precrash sequences. Such a repository can be used to 1) comprehensively learn and model the precrash scenarios, 2) learn the characteristics of precrash scenarios and eventually anticipate them, 3) assess the appropriateness of the different performance metrics in precrash scenarios, 4) synthesize a diverse dataset of precrash scenarios, 5) identify the ideal configuration of sensors and algorithms to enhance safety, and 6) monitor the performance of perception and motion planning modules.

Aristotelian Explanation and Homology in Biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
Anne Siebels Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Precise Formulation ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Ideal

In his account of epistēmē, the highest level of understanding attainable in philosophical inquiry, Aristotle articulates standards for the ideal explanations that confer this level of understanding. I argue that Aristotle's key standard for epistēmē is of central importance for the biological homology concept. The explanatory shortcoming that results from violating this standard has been vaguely articulated in recent literature on homology; Aristotle's account offers a more neutral and precise formulation of the shortcoming and its antidote. Further, the risk for this shortcoming has heightened with recent accounts of homology grounded in genetics, increasing the contemporary relevance of Aristotelian epistēmē.

The Fundamentals of Business Intelligence

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kijpokin Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Technology Acceptance Model ◽  
Business Intelligence ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Enterprise Information System ◽  
Enterprise Information ◽  
Acceptance Model ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Ideal

This article analyzes the recent literature in the search for the fundamentals of business intelligence (BI). The literature review covers the overview of BI; BI and technology acceptance model (TAM); BI, Big Data, and social media; the elements of BI; the characteristics of BI; enterprise information system (EIS) and cloud computing; the importance of BI; and the implementation of BI. BI involves creating any type of data visualization that provides insight into a business for the purpose of making a decision or taking an action.BI can assist organizations by facilitating better decisions in all facets of operations. The ideal BI system gives the organizations easy access to the information and the ability to analyze and share this information with other business enterprises. The findings present valuable insights and further understanding of the way in which BI perspectives should be emphasized.

scholarly journals A (Non-Ideal) Global Basic Structure

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Martin
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Ideal

<p><em>Focusing on the basic structure as the subject of justice has tended to lead theorists to make a choice: either there is no global basic structure and therefore obligations of justice remain domestic only (the statist position) or there is sufficient institutional basis at the global level to warrant affirming a basic structure global in scope, meaning that duties of justice must also be global (the cosmopolitan position). Recent literature, however, has pointed out that this might be a false choice between denying and asserting the existence of a global basic structure. There are two main claims that I make in this paper. First, I claim that on a Rawlsian understanding of the basic structure, justice does not require one before its demands arise, but rather that under certain conditions, justice can require that a basic structure be established as an essential part of fulfilling its demands. This has the benefit of not restricting the scope of justice to the domestic sphere. Thus, the second claim is about determining, from a practice-dependent, non-ideal starting point, what those “certain conditions” are. Specifically, I argue that when currently existing global institutions begin impacting on the freedom of individuals to interact against a fair backdrop and pervasively impact on life chances, then the demands of justice will arise and we will need to establish a global basic structure. This paper, then, also has implications for the ideal/non-ideal theory debate, because I argue that the best way to globalize the basic structure is to begin from a non-ideal starting point.</em></p><p>Article first published online: 9 NOV 2015</p>

scholarly journals Extending the interval of flushing procedures of totally implantable vascular access devices in cancer patients: It is time for a change

2020 ◽  
pp. 112972982095992
Author(s):  
Sergio Bertoglio
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Vascular Access Devices ◽  
Access Device ◽  
Strategy Change ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Instructions For Use ◽  
The Ideal

Several recent literature reports regarding the flushing technique of TIVADs highlight how the definition of the optimal flushing interval is still a source of controversy. Several recent studies indicate more and more frequently how 4 weeks can be considered a too short interval for the flushing of a totally implantable access device (TIVAD); on the other hand most of the main guidelines and instructions for use provided by the device’s manufacturers still suggest an interval between 4 weeks and 1 month as the ideal one. The recent meta-analysis by Wu et al. on this topic, promotes an important strategy change, indicating the possibility of extending the flushing intervals at least up to 8 weeks. This editorial extensively discusses the flushing methods of TIVADs highlighting the need for important and substantial changes, both in extending the range of flushes and in the solutions and methods to be used. It represents an invitation to the scientific community and device manufacturers for a complete revision of the indications on flushing techniques.

Teacher and His/Her Role in Teaching English

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Ervin Balla
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Know How ◽  
Ideal Teacher ◽  
Teacher Needs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Teachers play e key role in the process of teaching. In this article it is tried to focus on some of the most important roles that the teacher of English language plays during the difficult process of teaching. The role of the teacher in class is important. In the class teachers are: leaders of the language, thinkers, administrators, surces experts, vigilants, material furnishers, organizers, performers, estimators, listeners and controllers. At the recent literature is posed the question of the ideal teacher, so what makes a good teacher? According to Medgyes P. All the teachers are extraordinary according to their ways and different from eacher other. According to him the concept of the ideal teacher does not fit to a single concept, because many things have to be taken into consideration. Another image of English teacher is the teacher who is expert of the English language. According to Whitaker the English teacher needs to own the subject and to make the students to follow willingly the subject. He not only should own the subject but he should also know how to explain it.

scholarly journals Representative Democracy and Social Equality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
SEAN INGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Arbitrary Power ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

When are inequalities in political power undemocratic, and why? While some writers condemn any inequalities in political power as a deviation from the ideal of democracy, this view is vulnerable to the simple objection that representative democracies concentrate political power in the hands of elected officials rather than distributing it equally among citizens, but they are no less democratic for it. Building on recent literature that interprets democracy as part of a broader vision of social equality, I argue that concentrations of political power are incompatible with democracy, and with a commitment to social equality more generally, when they consist in some having greater arbitrary power to influence decisions according to their idiosyncratic preferences. A novel account of the relationship between power and social status clarifies the role of social equality in the justification of democracy, including a representative democracy in which public officials have more political power than ordinary citizens.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Lung US compared to Chest CT for the screening of COVID-19: preliminary report of our experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maria Irene Quarato ◽  
Antonio Mirijello ◽  
Donato Lacedonia ◽  
Mariapia Venuti ◽  
Raffaele Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Chest Ct ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Pleural Surface ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract As lung ultrasound (LUS) is a noninvasive, radiation-free, repeatable and portable imaging tool suitable for a point-of-care use, several recent literature reports have emphasized its role as the ideal screening tool for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. To evaluate the actual diagnostic accuracy of LUS for this purpose, we performed a systematic comparative study between LUS and CT scan findings in a population of 82 patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. LUS and Chest CT have been performed in all patients within 6-12 hours from the admission. The sensitivity of LUS in assessing typical CT findings was 60%. Despite LUS detected consolidations adherent to pleural surface in all cases, it was not able to detect all the consolidations assessed at CT scan (p=0.002), showing a risk to underestimate the actual disease’s extent. Moreover, only 70% of pleural surface is visible by LUS. Considering that the specificity and the positive predictive value of the same LUS signs may be lowered in a normal setting of non epidemic COVID-19 and in case of pre-existing cardio-pulmonary diseases, LUS use should not be indicated for diagnosis of COVID-19. However, it may be very useful for the assessment of pleural effusion and to guide safer fluid drainage.

Solving Rule-Consequentialism's Acceptance Rate Problem

Utilitas ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY D. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Optimum Rate ◽  
Rule Consequentialism ◽  
Acceptance Rates ◽  
Equal Consideration ◽  
The Ideal

Recent formulations of rule-consequentialism (RC) have attempted to select the ideal moral code based on realistic assumptions of imperfect acceptance. But this introduces further problems. What assumptions about acceptance would be realistic? And what criterion should we use to identify the ideal code? The solutions suggested in the recent literature – Fixed Rate RC, Variable Rate RC, Optimum Rate RC and Maximizing Expectation Rate RC – all calculate a code's value using formulas that stipulate some uniform rate(s) of acceptance. After pointing out a number of difficulties with these approaches, I introduce a formulation of RC on which non-uniform acceptance rates are calculated rather than stipulated. In addition to making more realistic assumptions about acceptance rates, Calculated Rates RC has several other advantages: it gives equal consideration to both acceptance and compliance rates and it brings RC more in line with our intuitive ways of thinking about rules and their consequences.

scholarly journals The New Sharing Economy: Creation of a New Serfdom?

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 297-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peterson Nnajiofor
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Ideal

Hailed as the embodiment of a non-capitalist and more ethical economic system, the new sharing economy appears to be far from the ideal economic dispensation and revolution it is supposed to usher in. It rather seems to be the beginning of a ruthless capitalist system of global transfer of capital and power from workers to rich investors. Applying the most recent literature and original research, this article delves into the underlying tenets of the sharing economy as a system, and highlights its shortcomings and ramifications that are leading to the creation of modern serfs and dangerous capitalist behemoths and ideologies.

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