Arsenic Life?
In December 2, 2010, at 11:16 a.m., I received the first of three emails from students in my biochemistry class, all asking if I had heard the news. A press conference at 11 a.m. had announced that scientists had discovered a bacterium that uses arsenic instead of phosphorus in its DNA. Soon there was a hashtag for this: #arseniclife. We were excited and a little puzzled. I had just lectured about how phosphorus was uniquely useful to DNA. I shrugged and mumbled something about how textbooks can be rewritten. Today, the dust has settled—and the textbook reads the same as ever. DNA is made of phosphorus, never arsenic. That December press conference was followed by two full years of multiple experiments in labs around the world. It confirmed what the textbook said all along, yet the story was well worth it. The “arsenic life” story was never just about microbiology. It’s about science itself, how we know things, and the nature of natural history. Everyone should know this story. It will temper expectations when the next press-conference-induced hashtag makes its way halfway around the world while science is still lacing up its boots. More than that, it shows something deep about what kind of world we live in, something underreported because it is so intricate and comes from so many different places. There is a hidden order that makes some sense of biology and even sociology, and that hidden order is chemistry. All life, from a lakewater bacterium to the neurons firing in your brain as you read this, is hemmed in. It is free to randomly adapt to its surroundings with nearly infinite creativity, but its overall path is as constrained as if it were walking on the deck of a ship crossing the ocean. The ultimate movement, on the scale of billions of years, is shaped by chemical rules. One of these rules is that phosphorus makes good DNA, while arsenic does not. To reach this conclusion, we have to start where the arsenic life story started.