Behind the Green Door

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Taiz ◽  
Lee Taiz
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Female Plant ◽  
Sexual System ◽  
Linnaean System ◽  
Sexual Theory

Chapter 14 explores literary and scientific reactions to the idea of sex in plants. England experienced a fashion for “phytoerotica”: bawdy verse, in which plants represented human genitalia, and classically inspired poetry, in which stamens and pistils were personified as husbands, wives and lovers. The former had little to do with plants. The latter served to teach the Linnaean sexual classification system. In reaction, some botanists rejected both the sexual theory and the Linnaean system. Two camps developed, the “sexualists” and the “asexualists”. J.G. Siegesbeck railed, “[Who] will ever believe that God Almighty should have introduced such…shameful whoredom for the propagation of the reign of plants.” The negative impact of the sexual system on the morals of women became the asexualist’s rallying cry. In 1759, the Pope banned all Linnaeus’s books and ordered them burned. Nevertheless, Erasmus Darwin’s “Loves of Plants,” with its fascinating female plant characters, was a hit.

Bucketed common vector scaling for authorship attribution in heterogeneous web collections: A scaling approach for authorship attribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayri Volkan Agun ◽  
Ozgur Yilmazel
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Authorship Attribution ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Language Competition ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Turkish Language

Domain, genre and topic influences on author style adversely affect the performance of authorship attribution (AA) in multi-genre and multi-domain data sets. Although recent approaches to AA tasks focus on suggesting new feature sets and sampling techniques to improve the robustness of a classification system, they do not incorporate domain-specific properties to reduce the negative impact of irrelevant features on AA. This study presents a novel scaling approach, namely, bucketed common vector scaling, to efficiently reduce negative domain influence without reducing the dimensionality of existing features; therefore, this approach is easily transferable and applicable in a classification system. Classification performances on English-language competition data sets consisting of emails and articles and Turkish-language web documents consisting of blogs, articles and tweets indicate that our approach is very competitive to top-performing approaches in English competition data sets and is significantly improving the top classification performance in mixed-domain experiments on blogs, articles and tweets.

Plant Nuptials in the Linnaean Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Taiz ◽  
Lee Taiz
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Sexual System ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Sexual Theory ◽  
Plant Sex

The primary preoccupation of eighteenth century botany was taxonomy, a field dominated by Carolus Linnaeus’s sexual system based on counting stamens and pistils. Linnaeus also developed a proto-evolutionary theory based on hybridization. Few eighteenth century botanists were experimentalists. In Italy, Guilio Pontedera compared nectaries to breasts that nourish seeds, dismissing male flowers as “useless appendages.” In France, Jean Marchant elaborated Malpighi’s uterine analogy of the flower, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort espoused the classical interpretation of pollen as a “vessel of excretion.” However, Sébastien Vaillant and Claude-Joseph Geoffroy focused on plant sex. In 1717, Vaillant’s sensational lecture (denounced by Geoffroy as suitable only for “Priapic festivals”) celebrated steamy nuptial encounters between stamens and pistils. In England, Philip Miller discovered bee pollination, and Thomas Fairchild produced the first hybrid, although tampering with nature by creating “monsters” was still considered distasteful, even blasphemous. Richard Bradley tested the sexual theory on hermaphroditic flowers.

Wars of the Roses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Taiz ◽  
Lee Taiz
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mary Wollstonecraft ◽  
The Political ◽  
Floral Ecology ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Linnaean System ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Wars Of The Roses ◽  
Marquis De Condorcet ◽  
Sexual Theory

During the latter half of the eighteenth century, opposition to the sexual theory intensified among social and religiously conservative asexualists who felt threatened by the political theories of the Enlightenment. For some, the Linnaean system was a stalking horse for libertinism, radical Jacobinism, feminism and anarchy. They maintained their ideological purity citing philosophical, religious and pedagogical reasons for rejection. Among the opponents were the Marquis de Condorcet, Hans Möller and William Smellie. Lazzaro Spallanzi and Charles Alston tried, but failed, to repeat Camerarius’s experiments. Flowers were so feminized symbolically the idea that most flowers were hermaphroditic seemed perverse, but Mary Wollstonecraft attacked hyper-feminine poetic metaphors for women as inimical to the struggle for equality. Meanwhile, hybridization experiments by Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter eliminated the last rational objection to the sexual theory and demolished the preformationist theory, in both ovist and spermist versions. Christian Konrad Sprengel laid the foundation for floral ecology.

Is a Diagnosis-Based Classification System Appropriate for Funding Psychiatric Care in Alberta?

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantelle M Wellock
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Average Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Short Stay ◽  
Average Length Of Stay ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Better Than

Objective This study evaluated the appropriateness of the Refined Group Number (RGN) classification system for funding psychiatric discharges in Alberta. Method Multiple regression was used to calculate the amount of variation explained (R2) in length of stay by RGNs for psychiatric discharges. The distribution of short-stay cases (less than 5 days) was also reviewed. Results The R2 value was higher than those from American studies (0.284 versus less than 0.10) for psychiatric discharges. The length of stay distribution by RGN indicated that the mean was not representative of typical cases. Short-stay cases made up the majority of cases from rural hospitals and had a negative impact on the average length of stay. Conclusions The RGN methodology performed better than diagnosis-based classification systems in the United States. However, there were significant weaknesses in the classification system which suggest that a funding system using the RGN grouper would result in inequitable funding for psychiatric discharges.

Mitochondrial hyperfusion: a friend or a foe

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajdeep Das ◽  
Oishee Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Mitochondrial Population

The cellular mitochondrial population undergoes repeated cycles of fission and fusion to maintain its integrity, as well as overall cellular homeostasis. While equilibrium usually exists between the fission–fusion dynamics, their rates are influenced by organellar and cellular metabolic and pathogenic conditions. Under conditions of cellular stress, there is a disruption of this fission and fusion balance and mitochondria undergo either increased fusion, forming a hyperfused meshwork or excessive fission to counteract stress and remove damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. While some previous reports suggest that hyperfusion is initiated to ameliorate cellular stress, recent studies show its negative impact on cellular health in disease conditions. The exact mechanism of mitochondrial hyperfusion and its role in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis, however, remain unclear. In this review, we aim to highlight the different aspects of mitochondrial hyperfusion in either promoting or mitigating stress and also its role in immunity and diseases.

International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Ella Inglebret ◽  
Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽  
Shana Bailey ◽  
Carla Jones ◽  
Ashley France
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

Health Communication: Implications for Diverse Populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Amy Hasselkus
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Health Care Decisions ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Health Related

The need for improved communication about health-related topics is evident in statistics about the health literacy of adults living in the United States. The negative impact of poor health communication is huge, resulting in poor health outcomes, health disparities, and high health care costs. The importance of good health communication is relevant to all patient populations, including those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Efforts are underway at all levels, from individual professionals to the federal government, to improve the information patients receive so that they can make appropriate health care decisions. This article describes these efforts and discusses how speech-language pathologists and audiologists may be impacted.

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