A characterization of political yardstick competition

Yardstick Competition among Governments ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190499167.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 17-46

Author(s):

Pierre Salmon

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Yardstick Competition ◽

Comparative Performance ◽

Electoral Support ◽

Large Populations ◽

The Individual ◽

Crucial Assumption

The characterization of yardstick competition elaborated in this chapter and adopted throughout the book starts from a distinctive critical assumption about the agency setting in which it operates. In this electoral agency setting, the principals are the individual members of large heterogeneous electorates or, more generally, large populations of citizens. Individual voters or citizens differ in how they interpret their role and incumbents can treat citizens’ response to their actions as a non-strategic aggregate relation between comparative performance and expected electoral support. The chapter goes on to show that the difficulties associated with this hypothesis are mitigated by the crucial assumption that voter response is not linear but S-shaped—the effects of insignificance, ambiguity, or confusion on the aggregate response tend to dissipate when differences in comparative performance get larger. The possibility is also acknowledged that in real-world settings, depending on circumstances, the mechanism may not work.

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Separation and Characterization of Standard Propoxyphene Diastereomers and Their Determination in Pharmaceutical and Illicit Preparations

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/64.4.875 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 875-883

Author(s):

Shiv K Soni ◽

Daniel Van Gelder

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Optical Isomers ◽

Gold Chloride ◽

Melting Points ◽

Eutectic Melting ◽

Racemic Mixtures ◽

The Individual ◽

Isomeric Mixtures ◽

Asymmetric Carbon

Abstract Due to the existence of 2 asymmetric carbon atoms in: the propoxyphene molecule, there are 4 diastereomers: alpha dextro, alpha levo, beta dextro, and beta levo. Only α-d-propoxyphene is included under the federal Controlled Substances Act. Baseline separations of propoxyphene from various incipients (aspirin, caffeine, phenacetin, and acetaminophen) present in pharmaceutical and illicit preparations, and between the alpha and beta diastereomers, were achieved by high pressure liquid chromatography. The column eluant was collected and propoxyphene was extracted. The optical isomers were differentiated and characterized by melting points and by chemical microcrystalline tests. Using hot stage thermomicroscopy, the eutectic melting points of binary isomeric mixtures of propoxyphene bases and salts were found to be depressed about 10° and 15-30°C, respectively, below the individual isomer melting points. The characteristic microcrystals formed with the alpha racemic mixtures by using a glycerin-aqueous gold chloride reagent were not produced by the beta racemic mixtures.

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Does higher education properly prepare graduates for the growing artificial intelligence market? Gaps identification using text mining

Human Systems Management ◽

10.3233/hsm-211179 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Lamiae Benhayoun ◽

Daniel Lang

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Natural Language Processing ◽

Text Mining ◽

Natural Language ◽

Language Processing ◽

Academic Training ◽

Market Requirements ◽

Job Advertisements ◽

The Individual

BACKGROUND: The renewed advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is inducing profound changes in the classic categories of technology professions and is creating the need for new specific skills. OBJECTIVE: Identify the gaps in terms of skills between academic training on AI in French engineering and Business Schools, and the requirements of the labour market. METHOD: Extraction of AI training contents from the schools’ websites and scraping of a job advertisements’ website. Then, analysis based on a text mining approach with a Python code for Natural Language Processing. RESULTS: Categorization of occupations related to AI. Characterization of three classes of skills for the AI market: Technical, Soft and Interdisciplinary. Skills’ gaps concern some professional certifications and the mastery of specific tools, research abilities, and awareness of ethical and regulatory dimensions of AI. CONCLUSIONS: A deep analysis using algorithms for Natural Language Processing. Results that provide a better understanding of the AI capability components at the individual and the organizational levels. A study that can help shape educational programs to respond to the AI market requirements.

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Real World Characterization of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Never Smokers by Actionable Mutation Status

Clinical Lung Cancer ◽

10.1016/j.cllc.2021.01.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen Kerrigan ◽

Xuechen Wang ◽

Benjamin Haaland ◽

Blythe Adamson ◽

Shiven Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Real World ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Mutation Status ◽

Never Smokers

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Material Geometry of Binary Composites

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13050892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 892

Author(s):

Marcelo Epstein

Keyword(s):

Continuum Mechanics ◽

Mathematical Framework ◽

Double Groupoid ◽

The Individual ◽

Elastic Composites

The constitutive characterization of the uniformity and homogeneity of binary elastic composites is presented in terms of a combination of the material groupoids of the individual constituents. The incorporation of these two groupoids within a single double groupoid is proposed as a viable mathematical framework for a unified formulation of this and similar kinds of problems in continuum mechanics.

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Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4221

Author(s):

Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽

Svend Borup Jensen ◽

Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽

Lars Jødal ◽

Pia Afzelius

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Animal Models ◽

Porcine Model ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Radioactive Tracers ◽

The Individual ◽

Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

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Enzymatic characterization of the individual mammalian primase subunits reveals a biphasic mechanism for initiation of DNA replication.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74297-5 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 268 (35) ◽

pp. 26179-26189

Author(s):

W C Copeland ◽

T S Wang

Keyword(s):

Dna Replication ◽

Enzymatic Characterization ◽

Initiation Of Dna Replication ◽

The Individual

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Characterization of Carrier Phase-Based Positioning in Real-World Jamming Conditions

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13142680 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2680

Author(s):

Søren Skaarup Larsen ◽

Anna B. O. Jensen ◽

Daniel H. Olesen

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Carrier Phase ◽

Reference Station ◽

Baseline Length ◽

Dual Frequency ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

The Impact ◽

Single Versus ◽

Selection Of

GNSS signals arriving at receivers at the surface of the Earth are weak and easily susceptible to interference and jamming. In this paper, the impact of jamming on the reference station in carrier phase-based relative baseline solutions is examined. Several scenarios are investigated in order to assess the robustness of carrier phase-based positioning towards jamming. Among others, these scenarios include a varying baseline length, the use of single- versus dual-frequency observations, and the inclusion of the Galileo and GLONASS constellations to a GPS only solution. The investigations are based on observations recorded at physical reference stations in the Danish TAPAS network during actual jamming incidents, in order to realistically evaluate the impact of real-world jamming on carrier phase-based positioning accuracy. The analyses performed show that, while there are benefits of using observations from several frequencies and constellations in positioning solutions, special care must be taken in solution processing. The selection of which GNSS constellations and observations to include, as well as when they are included, is essential, as blindly adding more jamming-affected observations may lead to worse positioning accuracy.

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Molecular characterization of a beta zero-thalassemia resulting from a 1.4 kilobase deletion

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v72.2.636.636 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 636-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

R Anand ◽

CD Boehm ◽

HH Jr Kazazian ◽

EF Vanin

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Start Site ◽

Globin Gene ◽

Event Analysis ◽

Beta Globin ◽

Base Pairs ◽

Dna Polymerase Alpha ◽

Beta Globin Gene ◽

American Black ◽

The Individual

Abstract We report the characterization of a beta zero-thalassemia in an American Black with unusually high HbA2 and HbF levels. Genomic southern analysis indicated that the individual was heterozygous for a deletion that began within the second intervening sequence of the beta- globin gene and extended approximately 1.4 kb in the 5′ direction. A clone spanning the breakpoint on the abnormal chromosome was isolated and further mapped, and the deletion joint was sequenced. Comparison of the normal beta-globin gene and its 5′ flanking region with the deletion joint sequence indicated that the 5′ breakpoint for this deletion was 484 base pairs (bp) 5′ to the transcriptional start site for the beta-globin gene and the 3′ breakpoint was 908 bp into the beta- globin gene; the deletion removed a total of 1,393 bp. Comparison of the normal 5′ and 3′ breakpoint sequences indicated that this deletion was the result of a “clean” nonhomologous breakage and reunion event; ie, no spurious bases were added during the recombinational event. Analysis of the breakpoints of this deletion together with the breakpoints of two other small deletions involving the beta-globin gene suggests that the breakpoints may occur at DNA polymerase alpha pause sites.

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