Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-128
Author(s):  
Alex Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Fourth Quadrant ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
Natural Function ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Theory Of Health

There has been considerable philosophical literature on the nature of health, which is briefly reviewed in this chapter. A distinction is drawn between two dimensions of disagreement in that literature: the objectivity dimension and the normativity dimension. With these distinctions in play, the positions traditionally considered poles of the debate, naturalism and normativism, are seen as diagonal opposites on a 2×2 matrix of possible positions, being Value-Independent Realism and Value-Dependent Anti-Realism respectively. Further support for this classification comes from a position in the bioethical literature, overlooked by philosophers of medicine, called Value-Dependent Realism (developed by Stempsey). The fourth quadrant, Value-Independent Anti-Realism, is unexplored, and the chapter proposes a theory of health in this quadrant, by arguing that health is a secondary property, akin to color, or possibly causation. This view is used to ground an evolutionary account of the health concept (quite distinct from previous evolutionary accounts of natural function).

scholarly journals Saúde vulgar e fabricação do corpo a partir de Georges Canguilhem

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
CARLOS ESTELLITA-LINS
Keyword(s):  
Health It ◽  
Georges Canguilhem ◽  
Concept Of Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Common Concept ◽  
Philosophical Task

 O texto parte de uma conferência de Canguilhem sobre o estatuto do conceito de saúde. Trata-se de uma exegese da citação de Epicteto nas Entrevistas (Livro II, 17) que busca explicitar a dupla dimensão da saúde como questão filosófica e como conceito vulgar. Busca-se articular esta formulação tardia e singular da obra de Canguilhem em seu projeto de uma história das ciências da vida compreendida como tarefa filosófica. Neste sentido cabe evocar questões centrais de sua tese Normal e Patológico – especialmente a disjunção entre o par antinômico saúde e doença e a dupla cromática fisiologia-patologia. Enquanto conclusão é oferecida uma articulação do problema com a crisecovid em curso, entendida a partir de impasses do campo biomédico e respostas insatisfatórias das ciências sociais e da filosofia.Palavras-chave: Canguilhem. Corpo. Conceito de saúde. Pandemia. Epicteto. Vulgar health and body fabrication from Georges Canguilhem  ABSTRACTThe text is part of a conference by Canguilhem on the status of the concept of health. It is an exegesis of the quote from Epictetus in the Interviews (Book II, 17) that seeks to explain the double dimension of health as a philosophical issue and as a common concept. The aim is to articulate this late and singular formulation of Canguilhem's work in his project for a history of the life sciences understood as a philosophical task. In this sense, central issues of his Normal and Pathological thesis should be evoked – especially the disjunction between the antinomic pair health and disease and the chromatic physiology-pathology pair. As a conclusion, an articulation of the problem with the ongoing crisis is offered, understood from the impasses in the biomedical field and unsatisfactory answers from the social sciences and philosophy.Keywords: Canguilhem. Body. Health concept. Pandemic. Epicteto. 

scholarly journals Towards a Unified Theory of Health-Disease: I. Health as a complex model-object

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomar Almeida-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Reference Object ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Model Object ◽  
Concept Of Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Theory Of Health

Theory building is one of the most crucial challenges faced by basic, clinical and population research, which form the scientific foundations of health practices in contemporary societies. The objective of the study is to propose a Unified Theory of Health-Disease as a conceptual tool for modeling health-disease-care in the light of complexity approaches. With this aim, the epistemological basis of theoretical work in the health field and concepts related to complexity theory as concerned to health problems are discussed. Secondly, the concepts of model-object, multi-planes of occurrence, modes of health and disease-illness-sickness complex are introduced and integrated into a unified theoretical framework. Finally, in the light of recent epistemological developments, the concept of Health-Disease-Care Integrals is updated as a complex reference object fit for modeling health-related processes and phenomena.

scholarly journals Digital Measures That Matter to Patients: A Framework to Guide the Selection and Development of Digital Measures of Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Manta ◽  
Bray Patrick-Lake ◽  
Jennifer C. Goldsack
Keyword(s):  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Digital Medicine ◽  
Touch Point ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Measurement Selection ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Traditional Assessments

<b><i>Background:</i></b> With the rise of connected sensor technologies, there are seemingly endless possibilities for new ways to measure health. These technologies offer researchers and clinicians opportunities to go beyond brief snapshots of data captured by traditional in-clinic assessments, to redefine health and disease. Given the myriad opportunities for measurement, how do research or clinical teams know what they <i>should</i> be measuring? Patient engagement, early and often, is paramount to thoughtfully selecting what is most important. Regulators encourage stakeholders to have a patient focus but actionable steps for continuous engagement are not well defined. Without patient-focused measurement, stakeholders risk entrenching digital versions of poor traditional assessments and proliferating low-value tools that are ineffective, burdensome, and reduce both quality and efficiency in clinical care and research. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This article synthesizes and defines a sequential framework of core principles for selecting and developing measurements in research and clinical care that are meaningful for patients. We propose next steps to drive forward the science of high-quality patient engagement in support of measures of health that matter in the era of digital medicine. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> All measures of health should be meaningful, regardless of the product’s regulatory classification, type of measure, or context of use. To evaluate meaningfulness of signals derived from digital sensors, the following four-level framework is useful: Meaningful Aspect of Health, Concept of Interest, Outcome to be measured, and Endpoint (exclusive to research). Incorporating patient input is a dynamic process that requires more than a single, transactional touch point but rather should be conducted continuously throughout the measurement selection process. We recommend that developers, clinicians, and researchers reevaluate processes for more continuous patient engagement in the development, deployment, and interpretation of digital measures of health.

The tangled web of agency

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Pe-Curto ◽  
Julien A. Deonna ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Bad Company

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

A transmission electron microscopic study of structural transitions in fast ionic conductors

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
R. B. Queenan ◽  
P. K. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Ionic Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Aluminate ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Trivalent Cations

Na ß“-alumina (Na1.67Mg67Al10.33O17) is a non-stoichiometric sodium aluminate which exhibits fast ionic conduction of the Na+ ions in two dimensions. The Na+ ions can be exchanged with a variety of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. The resulting exchanged materials also show high ionic conductivities.Considerable interest in the Na+-Nd3+-ß“-aluminas has been generated as a result of the recent observation of lasing in the pulsed and cw modes. A recent TEM investigation on a 100% exchanged Nd ß“-alumina sample found evidence for the intergrowth of two different structure types. Microdiffraction revealed an ordered phase coexisting with an apparently disordered phase, in which the cations are completely randomized in two dimensions. If an order-disorder transition is present then the cooling rates would be expected to affect the microstructures of these materials which may in turn affect the optical properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate the affect of thermal treatments upon the micro-structural and optical properties of these materials.

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Three-Dimesnsional Reconstruction of the Mitotic Spindles of Unequally Dividing Embryonic Cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
J. Holy ◽  
G. Schatten
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Mitotic Spindles ◽  
Cleavage Division ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy

One of the classic limitations of light microscopy has been the fact that three dimensional biological events could only be visualized in two dimensions. Recently, this shortcoming has been overcome by combining the technologies of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and computer processing of microscopical data by volume rendering methods. We have employed these techniques to examine morphogenetic events characterizing early development of sea urchin embryos. Specifically, the fourth cleavage division was examined because it is at this point that the first morphological signs of cell differentiation appear, manifested in the production of macromeres and micromeres by unequally dividing vegetal blastomeres.The mitotic spindle within vegetal blastomeres undergoing unequal cleavage are highly polarized and develop specialized, flattened asters toward the micromere pole. In order to reconstruct the three-dimensional features of these spindles, both isolated spindles and intact, extracted embryos were fluorescently labeled with antibodies directed against either centrosomes or tubulin.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

Studies on Gastric Mucus in Health and Disease

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lansing C. Hoskins ◽  
Norman Zamcheck
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucus ◽  
Health And Disease
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