Ritual Violence Envisioned

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Prophetic Vision ◽  
Legal Texts

Passages that speak of violent rites imagined in the present or future are the focus of this chapter. These texts are typically found in prophetic materials and works characterized by apocalyptic eschatology and are cast in the form of visions, dreams, or oracles. In contrast to narratives set in the past that depict acts of ritual violence or legal texts that prescribe violent rites, the writers of violent, ritualized imaginaries situated in the present or future frequently draw on metaphor to construct their compositions. Four representative texts are the focus in this chapter: Ezek 16:35–43, an oracle that imagines a series of violent rites of punishment deployed against a personified Jerusalem; Zech 5:5–11, a prophetic vision of personified Wickedness; Jer 22:18–19, Yhwh’s promise of a dishonoring, animal-like burial for King Jehoiakim of Judah; and Dan 3:31–4:34, Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of his own transformation into a domesticated animal brought about in part by violent rites.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

After summarizing the arguments of previous chapters, the author compares the representation of ritual violence in the three types of literature that have been considered, focusing on both continuities and differences. Each literary type is characterized by diversity with respect to violent ritual acts, and each includes representations of violent rites with physical and/or psychological dimensions. Yet there are differences. Although the aim of historical prose is to represent the past and oracular, oneiric and visionary texts tend to have a present-future orientation, prescriptive texts most often speak in general, hypothetical terms. And while personification plays no role in ritual violence in legal texts and narrative, it is central to visionary, oneiric, and oracular texts, whose function often includes a predictive element, in contrast to both prescriptive and prose texts. The author ends with a consideration of what the study of ritual violence contributes to our understanding of both violence and ritual.

Ritual Violence Prescribed

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
Human Sacrifice ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
And Function

This chapter considers the representation of violent rites in legal texts. The chapter begins with a review of scholarly debates on the nature and function of biblical law and then moves on to consider striking examples of prescribed ritual violence for punitive purposes (Deut 13:7–12; 25:5–10; and Lev 24:19–20). After this, violent rites that serve nonpunitive purposes are investigated. These include animal and human sacrifice as well as the rites of Num 5:11–31, as the latter have a probative dimension in addition to their punitive aims. A detailed consideration of the rites of mass eradication (the ḥērem) rounds out the chapter.

scholarly journals The Legal maxims of Maʾālāt and its Contemporary Application on Financial Transactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Mahamed Fathy Eletrebi ◽  
Hassan Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Intellectual Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Financial Transactions

Our religion with its wisdom and jurisprudence; it is wise for Muslims to look at their future and what their actions and behavior will lead to - after benefiting from the experiences of the past and the experiences of the present - by anticipating it and challenging it and preparing for it with what it needs of sciences and arts that guarantee them a sublime human meeting, as Abdulqadir Al-Kilani said. Hence our interest in the outcomes and their fundamentalist rules and contemporary financial applications. As for the study’s goal, it is to employ our Islamic fundamental, intentional, jurisprudential and intellectual knowledge in a jurisprudential adaptation of the most prominent contemporary transactions. Therefore, the research problem is: What is the role of the rules of fate in the jurisprudential view of contemporary transactions. The research method is inductive, analytical, and deductive method. By extrapolating the legal texts established to consider the outcomes and then analyzing those texts to derive appropriate provisions for contemporary financial transactions. The most prominent results: First: that Islam prepared man to consider the fates and freed him from the obstacles of superstition, pessimism, volatility, and astrology. Second: The rules of fate aim to consider the legal rulings related to the true tomorrow and the possible actions of the taxpayers based on the past, understanding the reality and anticipating the future according to the possible capacity. Third: The Holy Qur’an was concerned with the cosmic and social norms as harbingers of the fates and the meanings of their perception, as it was concerned with time in all its parts, past, present and future, so that the Muslim would be on the basis of his order in his movement, his residence, its causes, and its consequences.

scholarly journals Thinking the future of work through the history of right to work claims

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 942-960
Author(s):  
Pablo Scotto
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The wide presence of the right to work in national and international legal texts contrasts with a lack of agreement about the concrete content of this right. According to the hegemonic interpretation, it consists of two elements: (a) extension of wage labour and (b) significant improvement of working conditions. However, if we study the history of right to work claims, especially from the French Revolution to 1848, we can notice that the meaning of this right was rather wider in the past. Rescuing the historical significance of the right to work may help to face the problem of the future of work. In particular, and unlike what might seem at first sight, the claim that everyone should have his or her right to work guaranteed can be a way of articulating and concretizing issues such as workplace democracy, the organization of domestic work or the transition to a sustainable society.

Institutional Restrictions: Why can’t the Property Owners’ Committee be Established?: An Analysis of the Practice Process of Legal Texts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 6063-6081
Author(s):  
Cheng Yu ◽  
Zhang Junlong
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Establishment Process

Why cannot property owners’ committees be established? This study answers this question from the perspective of legal practice process, which is different from previous discussions about the owner’s actions. Previous studies regard the law as a weapon and tool for owners to safeguard their rights, while this study focuses on the legal texts and regards the legal system as the key variable of the establishment of the property owners’ committees. We adopt field observation and in-depth interviews to analyze the establishment process of Guangzhou property owners’ committees in Guangzhou in the past 20 years. It is found that the legal system is often transformed into a governance tool, which is specifically characterized as the “anti-mobilization ability” of the system. In this case, local governments intervene in the development of legal texts by means of self-empowerment, raising the bar, and intentional delay, to embed administrative objectives and facilitate the convenience of administrative control and regulation, which partly results in the difficulty to establish owner’s committees.

Violent Rituals of the Hebrew Bible

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Public Execution ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Physical Defects ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The Temple

Although seldom studied by biblical scholars as a discrete phenomenon, ritual violence is mentioned frequently in biblical texts, and includes ritual actions such as disfigurement of corpses, destruction or scattering of bones removed from a tomb, stoning and other forms of public execution, cursing, forced depilation, the legally sanctioned imposition of physical defects on living persons, coerced potion-drinking, sacrificial burning of animals and humans, forced stripping and exposure of the genitalia, and mass eradication of populations. This book, the first to focus on ritual violence in the Hebrew Bible, investigates these and other violent rites, the ritual settings in which they occur (e.g., the temple, the royal court, the battlefield), their various literary contexts (e.g., legal texts, narrative, visions, dreams, and oracles), and the identity and aims of their agents in order to speak in an informed way about the contours and social aspects of ritual violence as it is represented in the Hebrew Bible.

scholarly journals Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Brives ◽  
Jessica Pourraz
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Participatory Observation

Abstract Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophage viruses to treat bacterial infections, has existed for more than a hundred years. However, the practice is struggling to develop, despite growing support over the past 15 years from researchers and doctors, who see it as a promising therapy in the context of the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While the reasons for these developmental difficulties are complex, in this article we wish to address the effects of pharmaceutical regulations on phage therapy. By showing how phages are assimilated to an umpteenth antibiotic in legal texts, but also in certain medical practices, this article proposes to analyze the consequences of such regulatory categorization both for their production and the logistics of administration of proof of their efficacy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as the underlying concepts of infection and treatment. This paper follows Chandler’s work on the concept of antibiotics as infrastructure and its inversion presented by antimicrobial resistance. Phages as living, dynamic, evolving, and specific entities, do not lend themselves easily to current categories, norms, and development models. In this sense, they act as disruptors, revealing the limitations imposed by the existing infrastructure. More precisely here, and to continue Chandler’s initial thought process, this paper aims to show that antibiotics also form a kind of epistemological infrastructure, which acts as a powerful inhibitor to the development of phage therapy. In this sense antibiotics prevent the development of solutions to the problem they contribute to create. But the difficulties phage therapy faces, as highlighted in this article, can be interpreted as entry points for thinking of another medicine and imagining other possible futures. This analysis is based on a 3-year fieldwork study (2016–2019) in Europe (France, Belgium, and Switzerland), during which we conducted semi-directed interviews with various phage therapy stakeholders (physicians, researchers, pharmacists, regulators, patients, and patient associations), participatory observation in labs and observations during symposia and workshops on phages and phage therapy.

scholarly journals O stylistycznym zróżnicowaniu dawnej leksyki – na przykładzie oficjalnych i potocznych nazw dziecka nieślubnego

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
Ewa Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Difference

The author attempts to determine stylistically three old terms for extramarital child: wyleganiec, pokrzywnik and bękart. These words have been up to now classified as colloquial and expressive, with negative undertone. They appear separately in the Old Polish and 16th century texts and are of different character. An abusive term pokrzywnik is recorded only in relation to defamation cases. Official terms wyleganiec and bękart are present in old legal texts, biblical translations and dictionaries. This regularity shows the beginning of stylistic differentiation in the Old Polish lexicon, however the author is aware that the difference between colloquial and formal terms in the past was not necessarily so sharp as it is today and we cannot attribute present meaning to the past lexicon.

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