Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

After summarizing the arguments of previous chapters, the author compares the representation of ritual violence in the three types of literature that have been considered, focusing on both continuities and differences. Each literary type is characterized by diversity with respect to violent ritual acts, and each includes representations of violent rites with physical and/or psychological dimensions. Yet there are differences. Although the aim of historical prose is to represent the past and oracular, oneiric and visionary texts tend to have a present-future orientation, prescriptive texts most often speak in general, hypothetical terms. And while personification plays no role in ritual violence in legal texts and narrative, it is central to visionary, oneiric, and oracular texts, whose function often includes a predictive element, in contrast to both prescriptive and prose texts. The author ends with a consideration of what the study of ritual violence contributes to our understanding of both violence and ritual.

Ritual Violence Envisioned

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Prophetic Vision ◽  
Legal Texts

Passages that speak of violent rites imagined in the present or future are the focus of this chapter. These texts are typically found in prophetic materials and works characterized by apocalyptic eschatology and are cast in the form of visions, dreams, or oracles. In contrast to narratives set in the past that depict acts of ritual violence or legal texts that prescribe violent rites, the writers of violent, ritualized imaginaries situated in the present or future frequently draw on metaphor to construct their compositions. Four representative texts are the focus in this chapter: Ezek 16:35–43, an oracle that imagines a series of violent rites of punishment deployed against a personified Jerusalem; Zech 5:5–11, a prophetic vision of personified Wickedness; Jer 22:18–19, Yhwh’s promise of a dishonoring, animal-like burial for King Jehoiakim of Judah; and Dan 3:31–4:34, Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of his own transformation into a domesticated animal brought about in part by violent rites.

Ritual Violence Prescribed

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Saul M. Olyan
Keyword(s):  
Human Sacrifice ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
And Function

This chapter considers the representation of violent rites in legal texts. The chapter begins with a review of scholarly debates on the nature and function of biblical law and then moves on to consider striking examples of prescribed ritual violence for punitive purposes (Deut 13:7–12; 25:5–10; and Lev 24:19–20). After this, violent rites that serve nonpunitive purposes are investigated. These include animal and human sacrifice as well as the rites of Num 5:11–31, as the latter have a probative dimension in addition to their punitive aims. A detailed consideration of the rites of mass eradication (the ḥērem) rounds out the chapter.

scholarly journals Time Matters Differently in Leisure Experience for Men and Women: Leisure Dedication and Time Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Codina ◽  
José V. Pestana
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Leisure Experience

There are inequalities with respect to the amount of time men and women spend on leisure. Therefore, it can be assumed that these inequalities are also manifested in the experiences derived from leisure activities and in certain attitudes to life associated with the amount of time devoted to leisure, which emphasize time orientations towards the past, present and future. Based on these ideas, this study analyses the time spent on leisure activities, leisure experience (i.e., perceptions of freedom and satisfaction), and the five factors of the time perspective (hedonistic and fatalistic present; positive and negative past; and future orientation). Participants were 435 men and 434 women, ranging from 18 to 24 years (sample mean M = 21.14, standard deviation SD = 1.99). Two tools were used: a questionnaire about leisure experience, based on the time budget technique, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results show significant gender differences: men have more leisure time, but women have a more positive leisure experience and time perspectives than men. It can be concluded that women enjoy themselves more with less available leisure time and are more positive with regard to time orientations.

scholarly journals The Legal maxims of Maʾālāt and its Contemporary Application on Financial Transactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Mahamed Fathy Eletrebi ◽  
Hassan Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Intellectual Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Financial Transactions

Our religion with its wisdom and jurisprudence; it is wise for Muslims to look at their future and what their actions and behavior will lead to - after benefiting from the experiences of the past and the experiences of the present - by anticipating it and challenging it and preparing for it with what it needs of sciences and arts that guarantee them a sublime human meeting, as Abdulqadir Al-Kilani said. Hence our interest in the outcomes and their fundamentalist rules and contemporary financial applications. As for the study’s goal, it is to employ our Islamic fundamental, intentional, jurisprudential and intellectual knowledge in a jurisprudential adaptation of the most prominent contemporary transactions. Therefore, the research problem is: What is the role of the rules of fate in the jurisprudential view of contemporary transactions. The research method is inductive, analytical, and deductive method. By extrapolating the legal texts established to consider the outcomes and then analyzing those texts to derive appropriate provisions for contemporary financial transactions. The most prominent results: First: that Islam prepared man to consider the fates and freed him from the obstacles of superstition, pessimism, volatility, and astrology. Second: The rules of fate aim to consider the legal rulings related to the true tomorrow and the possible actions of the taxpayers based on the past, understanding the reality and anticipating the future according to the possible capacity. Third: The Holy Qur’an was concerned with the cosmic and social norms as harbingers of the fates and the meanings of their perception, as it was concerned with time in all its parts, past, present and future, so that the Muslim would be on the basis of his order in his movement, his residence, its causes, and its consequences.

scholarly journals Time Orientation and Decision Making Styles: the case of Vietnamese customers’ purchase of audiovisual products

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tung Dao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Time Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Decision Making Styles ◽  
The Relationship

This research aims to investigate the relationship between time orientation (past, future, and present orientation) and the decision making styles of Vietnamese customers when they decide to purchase a audiovisual product. A survey was conducted on 423 Vietnamese customers in Hanoi in 2016. The results demonstrate significant relationships between perspectives of time orientation and customer’s decision-making styles. Among the three time perspectives, the past and future orientation manifest a significant difference between decision making styles (customer segments). The present orientation was shown to have significant relationships with some individual characteristics of decision-making style, but no significant difference found between decision-making styles. Key words:     Time Orientation, Decision Making Styles (DMS), Vietnamese Customers, Audiovisual products.

scholarly journals Thinking the future of work through the history of right to work claims

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 942-960
Author(s):  
Pablo Scotto
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The wide presence of the right to work in national and international legal texts contrasts with a lack of agreement about the concrete content of this right. According to the hegemonic interpretation, it consists of two elements: (a) extension of wage labour and (b) significant improvement of working conditions. However, if we study the history of right to work claims, especially from the French Revolution to 1848, we can notice that the meaning of this right was rather wider in the past. Rescuing the historical significance of the right to work may help to face the problem of the future of work. In particular, and unlike what might seem at first sight, the claim that everyone should have his or her right to work guaranteed can be a way of articulating and concretizing issues such as workplace democracy, the organization of domestic work or the transition to a sustainable society.

Institutional Restrictions: Why can’t the Property Owners’ Committee be Established?: An Analysis of the Practice Process of Legal Texts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 6063-6081
Author(s):  
Cheng Yu ◽  
Zhang Junlong
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Establishment Process

Why cannot property owners’ committees be established? This study answers this question from the perspective of legal practice process, which is different from previous discussions about the owner’s actions. Previous studies regard the law as a weapon and tool for owners to safeguard their rights, while this study focuses on the legal texts and regards the legal system as the key variable of the establishment of the property owners’ committees. We adopt field observation and in-depth interviews to analyze the establishment process of Guangzhou property owners’ committees in Guangzhou in the past 20 years. It is found that the legal system is often transformed into a governance tool, which is specifically characterized as the “anti-mobilization ability” of the system. In this case, local governments intervene in the development of legal texts by means of self-empowerment, raising the bar, and intentional delay, to embed administrative objectives and facilitate the convenience of administrative control and regulation, which partly results in the difficulty to establish owner’s committees.

Temporality across the Life-Span

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cameron ◽  
K. G. Desai ◽  
Darius Bahador ◽  
G. Dremel
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cross National

In seven studies, 7300 U. S., 891 Iranian, 534 Indian, and 216 Ghanaese persons aged four to ninety-nine were interviewed regarding their consciousness. For U. S. nationals: (a) at any given moment, persons were most apt to be thinking about the present and least apt to be thinking about the past, (b) frequency of future-orientation declined while, (c) frequency of present-orientation inclined with age, (d) in “typical thought” persons generally thought further into the future (a few months) than into the past (a few weeks), but (e) regarding those things that persons often think about that have or are yet to occur, they thought further into the past (5 years) than into the future (a year), (f) frequency of future-orientation did not vary as a function of social class, while degree of claimed planfulness was greater among the higher social class, and (g) claimed planfulness was curvilinearily related to age, with those aged eighteen through thirty-nine scoring highest. There were cross-national differences.

Future Orientation and External Locus of Control

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrick Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Control ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
External Locus Of Control

A group of 112 undergraduate students was administered the Rotter Internal-External Control Scale. Students who scored above the median in the distribution were categorized as having an external locus of control. The same students also were given the Circles Test which involves having the subject draw circles representing the past, present, and future. If the circle representing the future was larger than the other two, the subject was designated as future-oriented. It was hypothesized that students with external controls would tend to be future-oriented. The hypothesis was supported by the findings.

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