Making Behavioralism Work

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kuenzler
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Revealed Preferences ◽  
Consumer Sovereignty ◽  
Bright Line ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
External Incentives ◽  
The Universe

This chapter turns to the restoration of consumer sovereignty. It revisits the three recurrent principles set out in Chapter 1 and argues that antitrust and intellectual property laws must understand consumers in their full socially embedded complexity to promote progress. Only in this way can analysts respect, rather than suppress, consumer preferences that evince concern for less proprietary forms of production and distribution in a marketplace which is heavily fixated on consumerism and passive consumption. It points to a number of ingenious recent studies from the cognitive psychological research that demonstrate that revealed preferences and external incentives have been offered as bright line rules for directing the consumer’s attention primarily (and exclusively) to conventional manufacturing and distribution techniques, but that such physical and economic processes scarcely exhaust the universe of choices about which consumers express strong interest.

Fashioning Consumer Cognitive Capability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kuenzler
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Consumer Sovereignty ◽  
Equilibrium Prices ◽  
Competitive Process ◽  
Cognitive Capability ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Market Equilibria

This chapter moves beyond the existing contradictions in the accepted market regulatory approach to demonstrate that markets should often be seen in terms of their ability to yield cognitive capability. Particularly, the cognitive psychological research convincingly shows that there is room for manipulation of consumer preferences by product manufacturers and sellers, which may have adverse effects on consumer sovereignty and the establishment of market equilibria based on what consumers value, because exogenous consumer preferences no longer interact with technologies and initial endowments to generate corresponding equilibrium prices and production levels. Based on insights gained by Friedrich August von Hayek about the workings of the competitive process, this chapter reconceptualizes the notion of consumer sovereignty and explains how an increased promotion of intratype competition can help consumers to arrive at less biased decisions.

scholarly journals The First Sale Doctrine and the Economics of Post-Sale Restraints

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Katz
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Common Law ◽  
User Innovation ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
First Sale ◽  
First Sale Doctrine

The first sale doctrine limits the exclusive rights that survive the initial authorized sale of an item protected by intellectual property (IP) rights, and therefore limits the ability of IP owners to impose post-sale restraints on the distribution or use of items embodying their IP. While the doctrine has deep common law and statutory roots, its exact rationale and scope have never been fully explored and articulated. As a result, the law remains somewhat unsettled, in particular with respect to the ability of IP owners to opt-out of the doctrine and with respect to the applicability of the doctrine to situations of parallel importation.This Article provides answers to these unsettled issues. By applying insights from the economics of post-sale restraints, the Article shows that the main benefits of post-sale restraints involve situations of imperfect vertical integration between coproducing or collaborating firms, which occur during the production and distribution phases or shortly thereafter. In such situations, opting out of the first sale doctrine should be permitted. Beyond such limited circumstances, however, the first sale doctrine promotes important social and economic goals: it promotes efficient long-term use and preservation of goods embodying IP and facilitates user-innovation. Therefore, contrary to some other views, I conclude that the economics of post-sale restraints confirm the validity and support the continued vitality of the first sale doctrine.

scholarly journals Economics of knowledge and the governance of commons knowledge

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Antonelli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Economic Good

Economics of knowledge provides new tools to study the features of knowledge as an economic good and new ways to understanding the governance of knowledge. This sheds new light upon the institutional design, the incentives mechanisms, including intellectual property rights, and the signalling devices that make it possible the organization of the production and distribution of knowledge in economic systems.

scholarly journals Energy Demand Management and Social Norms

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3779
Author(s):  
Bernadeta Gołębiowska ◽  
Anna Bartczak ◽  
Mikołaj Czajkowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
External Control ◽  
Revealed Preferences ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of our study was investigating the impact of norms and financial motivation on the disutility of energy management for Polish households. We analyzed consumer preferences and willingness to accept demand-side management (DSM) programs. Choice experiment was applied for electricity contracts including external control of electricity consumption. Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior provided the theoretical framework of the study, which tested hypotheses about the impact of social norms on consumer choices of electricity contracts. We show that people with higher descriptive social norms about electricity consumption are less sensitive to the level of compensation and more responsive to the number of blackouts. People willing to sign a contract for financial reasons were less sensitive to the external control of electricity consumption and less inclined toward the status quo option. Injunctive social norms and personal norms had a non-significant impact on consumer decisions. We conclude that financial incentives can reduce the effect of the norms. Social and personal norms seem to be more important when we analyze the revealed preferences. European countries face significant challenges related to changes in energy policy. This study contributes to understanding the decisions of households and provides insights into the implementation of DSM.

Alternatives to culling male chicks – the consumer perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrina Reithmayer ◽  
Oliver Mußhoff ◽  
Michael Danne
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Revealed Preferences ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Gender Determination ◽  
Free Range

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate consumer preferences for boxes of eggs which are produced without the culling of male layer-type chicks in layer hen production and, furthermore, to investigate consumer preferences for labels from different certifying bodies.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey including a discrete choice experiment was conducted among 526 German consumers in 2018 and early 2019. Mixed logit models in preference and willingness to pay (WTP) space were estimated.FindingsThe preferred alternative is gender determination of incubated eggs, but also dual-use (DU) poultry with free-range rearing of cockerels was approved. Labels from public authorities and the Animal Protection Organisation were highly approved. In contrast, retailers were not considered suitable for the certification of production claims.Research limitations/implicationsA hypothetical setting was employed. A revealed preferences approach is suggested for future research.Practical implicationsEvidence for a wide approval of in ovo gender determination was found. Free-range rearing of cockerels was the most promising for the marketing of DU poultry products. Furthermore, public authorities and well-established third parties should engage in the field of animal welfare labelling.Originality/valueThis is the first study focussing on preferences and WTP for alternatives to chick culling, which will soon be available on the market, and for institutions certifying production claims. Findings help political decision makers, when looking for alternatives to the culling of day-old chicks, which are considered more acceptable by the public.

scholarly journals Appropriation under Low Intellectual Property Regimes: The Role of Communities in the Online Alternative Adult Entertainment Industry1

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Kim-Marlène LE ◽  
Julien PÉNIN
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Online Pornography ◽  
User Communities ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Property Regime

The online adult entertainment industry, as Darling (2014) showed, is a new case of low intellectual property regime, i.e. largely inefficient in preventing the massive copying of content. In this paper, we focus on alternative pornography and explore the mechanisms which contribute to the creation of pornographic content. We argue that user communities help content providers to absorb sunk costs associated with content production and distribution. Our main conclusion is that, although user communities cannot solve alone the incentive failure in online pornography, they complement and reinforce strategies which enable content producers to earn revenues from vulnerable copyrighted works.

scholarly journals PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE NECESSITY OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN UKRAINE

Legal Ukraine ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 6-24
Author(s):  
Kseniia Zhyhalova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Security ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Security Questions

The purpose of the study was to demonstrate particular legal and objective reasons for necessity and expediency of legal regulation advancement, development and usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Ukraine. Chapter 1 «Understanding of Artificial Intelligence» gives examples of AI applications, doctrinal and diverse legal definitions of AI. Chapter 2 «Necessity and Expediency of legal regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Ukraine» shows the necessity of legal regulation, exemplifies the gaps in current legislation. This Chapter demonstrates that it is paramount to establish protection of IP rights within AI legal relationships in Ukraine. Also, Chapter 2 analyzes particular issues in AI and national, international and social security, questions of data protection. Chapter 3 «Conclusion» demonstrates that absence of specific AI regulation could potentially lead to numerous problems in public/private sectors, for economics, businesses, civilians. Key words: Artificial Intelligence (AI), legal regulation of AI, intellectual property (IP) protection, national security, protection of human rights and freedoms, data protection.

Cultural diversity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihui Han
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Shared Beliefs

Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of cultural differences in human behavior by giving examples of human behaviors in East Asian and Western societies. It reviews the concept of culture used by psychologists, anthropologists, and philosophers, introduces several dimensions of culture, and emphasizes shared beliefs and behavioral scripts as the key components of culture that influence human behavior. It also reviews cross-cultural psychological research that has revealed differences in multiple cognitive processes including perception, attention, memory, causal attribution, and self-reflection between individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. It gives an overview of cultural neuroscience studies that employ brain imaging techniques to reveal neural mechanisms underlying cultural differences in human behavior and mental processes.

scholarly journals Modeling Emerging-Market Firms’ Competitive Retail Distribution Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalesh Sharma ◽  
V. Kumar ◽  
Koray Cosguner
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Retail Channels ◽  
Product Forms

In emerging markets, the effective implementation of distribution strategies is challenged by underdeveloped road infrastructure and a low penetration of retail stores that are insufficient in meeting customer needs. In addition, products are typically distributed in multiple forms through multiple retail channels. Given the competitive landscape, manufacturers’ distribution strategies should be based on anticipation of competitor reactions. Accordingly, the authors develop a manufacturer-level competition model to study the distribution and price decisions of insecticide manufacturers competing across multiple product forms and retail channels. Their study shows that both consumer preferences and estimated production and distribution costs vary across brands, product forms, and retail channels; that ignoring distribution and solely focusing on price competition results in up to a 55% overestimation of manufacturer profit margins; and that observed pricing and distribution patterns support competition rather than collusion among manufacturers. Through counterfactual studies, the authors find that manufacturers respond to decreases in distribution costs and to the exclusive distribution of more preferred manufacturers by asymmetrically changing their price and distribution decisions across different retail channels.

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