Non-State Order and Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Citizen Security ◽  
State Group

Chapter 2 presents a theoretical framework to systematically trace how interactions among violent non-state groups influence people’s security. The first part theorizes behavioral patterns among violent non-state groups as forms of non-state order. It offers a typology of violent non-state group interactions with eight types that fall into three clusters: the “enmity” cluster, in which groups fight each other; the “rivalry” cluster, involving unstable short-term arrangements among groups with unpredictable outbreaks of violence; and the “friendship” cluster that consists of relatively stable long-term arrangements. These clusters emerge from distinct distrust-reducing mechanisms employed by the groups. The second part of the chapter introduces the analytical lens of citizen security. This lens accounts for both observed and perceived insecurity, and for repercussions of these on the state-society relationship. It highlights why and how specific violent non-state group interactions are conducive to distinct security outcomes, including violence, the erosion of social fabric, and shadow citizenship.

scholarly journals Learning from Interventions Using Hierarchical Policies for Safe Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 10352-10360
Author(s):  
Jing Bi ◽  
Vikas Dhiman ◽  
Tianyou Xiao ◽  
Chenliang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Asymptotic Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning From Demonstrations ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Long Term Behavior

Learning from Demonstrations (LfD) via Behavior Cloning (BC) works well on multiple complex tasks. However, a limitation of the typical LfD approach is that it requires expert demonstrations for all scenarios, including those in which the algorithm is already well-trained. The recently proposed Learning from Interventions (LfI) overcomes this limitation by using an expert overseer. The expert overseer only intervenes when it suspects that an unsafe action is about to be taken. Although LfI significantly improves over LfD, the state-of-the-art LfI fails to account for delay caused by the expert's reaction time and only learns short-term behavior. We address these limitations by 1) interpolating the expert's interventions back in time, and 2) by splitting the policy into two hierarchical levels, one that generates sub-goals for the future and another that generates actions to reach those desired sub-goals. This sub-goal prediction forces the algorithm to learn long-term behavior while also being robust to the expert's reaction time. Our experiments show that LfI using sub-goals in a hierarchical policy framework trains faster and achieves better asymptotic performance than typical LfD.

scholarly journals Learning Robot Speech Models to Predict Speech Acts in HRI

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Ankuj Arora ◽  
Humbert Fiorino ◽  
Damien Pellier ◽  
Sylvie Pesty
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Action Sequences ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Max Sat ◽  
Speech Model

Abstract In order to be acceptable and able to “camouflage” into their physio-social context in the long run, robots need to be not just functional, but autonomously psycho-affective as well. This motivates a long term necessity of introducing behavioral autonomy in robots, so they can autonomously communicate with humans without the need of “wizard” intervention. This paper proposes a technique to learn robot speech models from human-robot dialog exchanges. It views the entire exchange in the Automated Planning (AP) paradigm, representing the dialog sequences (speech acts) in the form of action sequences that modify the state of the world upon execution, gradually propelling the state to a desired goal. We then exploit intra-action and inter-action dependencies, encoding them in the form of constraints. We attempt to satisfy these constraints using aweighted maximum satisfiability model known as MAX-SAT, and convert the solution into a speech model. This model could have many uses, such as planning of fresh dialogs. In this study, the learnt model is used to predict speech acts in the dialog sequences using the sequence labeling (predicting future acts based on previously seen ones) capabilities of the LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) class of recurrent neural networks. Encouraging empirical results demonstrate the utility of this learnt model and its long term potential to facilitate autonomous behavioral planning of robots, an aspect to be explored in future works.

How to Harmonize Government Goals of a State, a Company and an Individual

10.12737/4890 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Смирнов ◽  
E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
A Company ◽  
Labor Outcomes

The issue of harmonization between the goals of the state, the company and an individual is considered. Main approaches designed to goals identification and formalization are examined. Major shortcomings of criteria, applied to define goals achieving and of techniques for calculating thereof are highlighted. The author proposes a new criterion to link the level of a company’s technological capabilities with workers’ labor outcomes, which, in turn, helps to harmonize long-term and short-term development of the state, a company and an individual. Using the proposed criterion, the author concludes, would facilitate a transfer to managed economic development.

Honduras

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario A. Euraque
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Political Agent ◽  
Structural Weakness ◽  
Personal Survival ◽  
Term Benefit

A fact of Honduran history after the 1840s is the structural weakness of the state as an organized political agent capable of administering a nationally defined territory, managing its constitutionally prescribed monopoly over security, and effectively addressing the most minimal aspects of the population’s economic and social welfare. Various factors explain this. A key problem has been Honduran elites’ lack of cohesion and enlightened commitment to their long-term interests among themselves and beyond their borders. Resorting to lethal violence to secure advantaged and corrupt access to state resources has been the result and norm, even to the detriment of elite unity and hegemony. This has often placed the state and country at the mercy of economic and military forces, local and international, that elites cannot control, and with which they have negotiated for short-term benefit and even personal survival, most often to the detriment of national interests, and Hondurans’ rudimentary well-being.

scholarly journals Implanted satellite transmitters affect sea duck movement patterns at short and long timescales

The Condor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet S Lamb ◽  
Peter W C Paton ◽  
Jason E Osenkowski ◽  
Shannon S Badzinski ◽  
Alicia M Berlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Site ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
First Year ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Telemetry Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Satellite Transmitters ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Long Timescales

Abstract Studies of the effects of transmitters on wildlife often focus on survival. However, sublethal behavioral changes resulting from radio-marking have the potential to affect inferences from telemetry data and may vary based on individual and environmental characteristics. We used a long-term, multi-species tracking study of sea ducks to assess behavioral patterns at multiple temporal scales following implantation of intracoelomic satellite transmitters. We applied state-space models to assess short-term behavioral patterns in 476 individuals with implanted satellite transmitters, as well as comparing breeding site attendance and migratory phenology across multiple years after capture. In the short term, our results suggest an increase in dispersive behavior immediately following capture and transmitter implantation; however, behavior returned to seasonally average patterns within ~5 days after release. Over multiple years, we found that breeding site attendance by both males and females was depressed during the first breeding season after radio-marking relative to subsequent years, with larger relative decreases in breeding site attendance among males than females. We also found that spring and breeding migrations occurred later in the first year after radio-marking than in subsequent years. Across all behavioral effects, the severity of behavioral change often varied by species, sex, age, and capture season. We conclude that, although individuals appear to adjust relatively quickly (i.e. within 1 week) to implanted satellite transmitters, changes in breeding phenology may occur over the longer term and should be considered when analyzing and reporting telemetry data.

The Fleeting Effects of Disclosure Forthcomingness on Management's Reporting Credibility

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 723-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Disclosure Decisions ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Negative Earnings

This study provides a theoretical framework and experimental evidence on how managers' disclosure decisions affect their credibility with investors. I find that in the short-term, more forthcoming disclosure has a positive effect on management's reporting credibility, especially when management is forthcoming about negative news. However, these short-term credibility effects do not persist over time. In the long-term, managers who report positive earnings news are rated as having higher reporting credibility than managers who report negative earnings news, regardless of their previous disclosure decisions.

On legal facts conditions in criminal executive law and their classification

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Егор Евгеньевич Новиков
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Legal Consequences

В статье рассматриваются юридические факты-состояния, порождающие, изменяющие или прекращающие уголовно-исполнительные правоотношения. Автор на основе анализа дискуссии ученых-юристов, посвященной определению места событий в системе юридических фактов, представил собственную точку зрения, касающуюся роли юридических фактов-состояний в уголовно-исполнительном праве. В работе аргументируется, что состояние следует отнести к одному из видов фактов-событий. Представлена классификация юридических фактов-событий, содержащихся в уголовно-исполнительном праве. Предлагается рассматриваемые правовые явления классифицировать по следующим основаниям: по происхождению (абсолютные (болезнь осужденного/родственников) и относительные (беременность, опьянение, родство); по времени существования (краткосрочные, длительные, постоянные); в зависимости от способности порождать правоотношения (состояния, влекущие стопроцентное возникновение юридических последствий и факты, порождающие возникновение юридических последствий, но при условии участия третьих лиц). The article deals with legal facts-states generating, changing or terminating criminal executive relations. The author, based on an analysis of the discussion of legal scholars devoted to determining the location of events in the system of legal facts, presented his own point of view regarding the role of legal facts-states in the criminal-executive law. The paper argues that the state should be attributed to one of the types of fact-events. The article presents the classification of legal facts-events contained in the criminal-executive law. It is proposed to classify the considered legal phenomena for the following reasons: by origin (absolute (illness of the convict / relatives) and relative (pregnancy, intoxication, kinship); by time of existence (short-term, long-term, permanent); depending on the ability to generate legal relations (conditions entailing 100 % of the occurrence of legal consequences and facts giving rise to the occurrence of legal consequences, but subject to the participation of third parties.

Borderland Battles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Security Challenges

Borderlands are like a magnifying glass on some of the world’s most entrenched security challenges. In unstable regions, border areas attract violent non-state groups, ranging from rebels and paramilitaries to criminal organizations, who exploit central government neglect. These groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illicit cross-border activities, and provide a substitute for the governance functions usually associated with the state. Drawing on extensive fieldwork with more than six hundred interviews in and on the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela—where conflict is rife and crime thriving—this book provides exclusive firsthand insights into these war-torn spaces. It reveals how dynamic interactions among violent non-state groups produce a complex security landscape with ramifications for order and governance both locally and beyond. These interactions create not only physical violence but also less visible forms of insecurity. When groups fight each other, community members are exposed to violence but can follow the rules imposed by the opposing actors. Unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups fuel mistrust and uncertainty among communities, eroding their social fabric. Where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements, “shadow citizenship” arises: a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups that provide public goods and services, and communities that consent to their illicit authority. Contrary to state-centric views that consider borderlands uniformly violent spaces, the transnational borderland lens adopted in the book demonstrates how the geography and political economy of these borderlands intensify these multifaceted security impacts.

A Sudden Turnaround: The Pro-Han Immigration Policy in Manchuria and Its Abrupt Abrogation in Early Qing Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Agostino Sepe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
The State ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
To Come ◽  
Perfectly Normal

Abstract For most of Qing domination over China, the Manchu rulers strictly controlled or even prohibited migration of Chinese people to the dynasty’s Motherland (long xing zhi di 龍興之地). Only two brief phases are an exception, namely the mid Shunzhi to early Kangxi and Yongzheng periods. During the former, in 1653, a “Regulation for the repopulation and land reclamation of Liaodong” was promulgated, establishing alluring incentives for whoever managed to move a hundred or more people to the region east of the Liao river. Only fifteen years later, when the maneuver had just started to produce some results, the Qing court abolished it. In the long term, such a change of direction appears perfectly normal, considering that later on most of the lands would be assigned to the Eight Banners and the state would have striven to keep the Chinese out. Nevertheless, in the short term, the decision seemed to come out of the blue. An interesting debate on what might have determined the turnabout began in the early twentieth century, and some most recent contributions have been published in the 2000s; yet none of the thesis proposed so far is fully convincing. On the basis of sources that have not yet been taken into account, this paper further investigates into the matter and aims at demonstrating that the concerns which compelled the rulers to officially oppose immigration in the following decades already existed in the very first years of Kangxi reign.

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