Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 290-305
Author(s):  
Bea Cantillon ◽  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
John Hills
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Current Minimum ◽  
The Cost

This final chapter summarizes the main findings of the book and concludes with a discussion of the implications for realizing progress in terms of poverty reduction and guaranteeing a decent minimum income to all. It stresses the inadequacy of current minimum income schemes and highlights trade-offs with other policy objectives. It argues that employment increases by themselves are not enough and that policy choices can make a difference, as they have done in the past. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of policy responses in reducing poverty varies widely between instruments and countries. However, in any case making progress does not come cheap. If policymakers want to deliver on their promise to substantially reduce poverty and social exclusion in Europe, they will have to improve the adequacy of minimum incomes while maintaining financial work incentives, implying the need to also increase low-wages, either directly through increasing minimum wages, or indirectly, by subsidizing employment or increasing in-work benefits.

scholarly journals Reopening the Trade after SARS: China’s Wildlife Industry and the Fateful Policy Reversal

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-267
Author(s):  
Peter Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
Party State ◽  
Shed Light

China’s policy-making remains a top-down process. Yet, non-State actors, particularly businesses that have aligned their commercial interest with the national interest and political objectives of the Party-State, are uniquely positioned to impact policy-making. This article uses China’s reopening of the wildlife trade following the end of SARS in 2003 to shed light on the interplay of the Party’s policy guidelines, the policy-making authority of the administrative agencies, and the influence of the country’s wildlife business interest. This article argues that the reversal of the wildlife trade ban was predestined since expanding wildlife business also contributed to the government’s development objectives and served the bureaucratic interest of the administrative authorities. In 2003, the wildlife businesses had unique lobbying power. It was a production of scale that purportedly served the country’s conservation, public health and poverty-reduction purposes. The failure of the Chinese scientists to reach a consensus on the risk of pandemic outbreaks from wildlife operations helped the Chinese authorities to end the wildlife trade, a fateful decision. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to an enhanced understanding of the connections between wildlife exploitation and pandemic outbreaks. China has come to a crossroads to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of its wildlife industry.

Adequate income in Portugal: a comparison of two estimation methods

2020 ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
José A. Pereirinha ◽  
Elvira Pereira ◽  
Francisco Branco ◽  
Dália Costa ◽  
Maria Inês Amaro
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Food Basket ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Food Budget

This chapter examines the adequate income in Portugal by comparing “Improving Poverty Reduction in Europe” (ImPRovE) and Minimum Income Standards (MIS). It discusses how the MIS approach places great emphasis on the results of the focus group discussions for establishing a consensual income standard for society, while the ImPRovE method puts experts in the driving seat and focus groups are largely confirmatory. It also provides a comparison of MIS and ImPRovE's food budget results. The chapter looks into the cost of the food basket for both a man and a woman, and a couple, that is found to be higher when using the ImPRovE methodology compared to MIS approach. It covers findings that highlight some of the main differences of MIS and ImPRovE in terms of food basket composition or quantities of different groups of food.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Treatment for Esophageal Varices in Japan

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Sasaki ◽  
John M. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Esophageal Varices ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Injection Sclerotherapy ◽  
Endoscopic Injection ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
The Cost

AbstractWe analyzed the cost-effectiveness of nonemergent treatment for esophageal varices commonly used in Japan (endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, nonshunting direct interruption procedure, and selective shunt). We assessed the cost per survivor from the perspective of the Japanese government and other payors. Epidemiologic and economic data from published Japanese literature and from Japanese hospital-cost information were applied in decision analysis. While sclerotherapy is the most cost-effective treatment, the popular surgical procedures save the most lives, thus raising difficult ethical issues regarding trade-offs of cost and quality.

scholarly journals 1209. Expanding an Economic Evaluation of the Veterans Affairs Initiative to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections to Include Prevention of Gram-Negative Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S366-S367
Author(s):  
Richard E Nelson ◽  
Michihiko Goto ◽  
Matthew Samore ◽  
Makoto Jones ◽  
Vanessa Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Department Of Veterans Affairs ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background In October 2007, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) launched the National MRSA Prevention Initiative, a nationwide effort to reduce MRSA transmission through (1) universal screening, (2) contact isolation for MRSA+ patients, (3) institutional culture change that “infection prevention is everyone’s business,” (4) emphasis on hand hygiene, and (5) increased infection control resources. While the initiative focused on MRSA, recent evidence suggests that it also led to a significant decrease in hospital-onset (HO) Gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and the budget impact of the initiative taking into account both MRSA and GNR infections. Methods We developed an economic model using published data on the rate of MRSA HAIs and HO-GNR bacteremia in the VA from October 2007 to September 2015, estimates of the attributable cost and mortality of these infections, and the costs associated with the intervention obtained through a microcosting approach. We explored several different assumptions for the rate of infections that would have occurred if the initiative had not been implemented. Effectiveness was measured in life-years (LYs) gained. Results We found that during fiscal years 2008–2015, the initiative resulted in an estimated 4,761–9,236 fewer MRSA HAIs and 1,447–2,159 fewer HO-GNR bacteremia. The initiative itself was estimated to cost $206 million over this 8-year period while the cost savings from prevented MRSA HAIs ranged from $75–165 million and from prevented HO-GNR bacteremia ranged from $42–62 million. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the initiative ranged from $12,146–$46,500/LY when just including MRSA HAIs and from $7,945–$24,387/LY when including HO-GNR bacteremia. The overall impact on the VA’s budget ranged from $200–$334 million. Conclusion An MRSA surveillance and prevention strategy in VA may have prevented a substantial number of MRSA and GNR infections. The savings associated with the prevented infections helped to offset some but not all of the cost of the initiative. Economic evaluations of these interventions can help decision makers understand the trade offs between increased cost and improved health that can come from such interventions. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Decent Incomes for All

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

This book aims to shed new light on recent poverty trends in the European Union, responses by European welfare states, and how progress can be made to realize a decent income for all. The text analyzes the effect of social and fiscal policies before, during, and after the recent economic crisis and studies the impact of alternative policy packages on poverty and inequality. Furthermore, the discussion elaborates on how social investment and local initiatives of social innovation can contribute to tackling poverty. There are reasons for both optimism and pessimism. The book argues that there are indeed structural constraints on the increase of the social floor and difficult trade-offs involved in reconciling work and poverty reduction. Differences across countries are, however, very large. This suggests that there is ample room for maneuver for policy makers. There is also no evidence of a universal deterioration of social protection. Nonetheless, we observe a persistent and almost general inadequacy of minimum income protection for jobless households, pointing to structural challenges for realizing a decent minimum income for all. To overcome these challenges, unavoidably, efforts to raise the wage and the social floor should be increased significantly almost everywhere. The book highlights that to do so, country-specific policy mixes should be designed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document