Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bakan
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Place Value ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Conventional Paradigm ◽  
Guiding Questions

How do autistic people make, experience, and find meaning in music? And why does it matter to them that they do? These are the guiding questions put forth at the beginning of the introductory chapter, which establishes the book’s purpose, conceptual framework, and significance. The widely recognized talents and affinities for music that many autistic people exhibit have historically been a focus of therapeutic interventions aimed at ameliorating autistic symptoms. In that context, autism is regarded as a disorder and autistic people as individuals in need of treatment. In this book, however, the conventional paradigm is turned on its head, with autism reconceptualized as a viable manifestation of neurodiversity rather than a disorder rooted in pathology. The ten autistic individuals who throughout the book will speak for themselves on the place, value, and meaning of music in their lives are introduced, and both the structure and rationale for the book’s conversational approach, which is re-presentational rather than representational, are outlined.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Tallberg ◽  
Karin Bäckstrand ◽  
Jan Aart Scholte
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Core ◽  
Governance Institutions

Legitimacy is central for the capacity of global governance institutions to address problems such as climate change, trade protectionism, and human rights abuses. However, despite legitimacy’s importance for global governance, its workings remain poorly understood. That is the core concern of this volume, which engages with the overarching question: whether, why, how, and with what consequences global governance institutions gain, sustain, and lose legitimacy. This introductory chapter explains the rationale of the book, introduces its conceptual framework, reviews existing literature, and presents the key themes of the volume. It emphasizes in particular the volume’s sociological approach to legitimacy in global governance, its comparative scope, and its comprehensive treatment of the topic. Moreover, a specific effort is made to explain how each chapter moves beyond existing research in exploring the book’s three themes: (1) sources of legitimacy, (2) processes of legitimation and delegitimation, and (3) consequences of legitimacy.

Autism, Neurodiversity and the Welfare State: The Challenges of Accommodating Neurological Difference

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Orsini
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Société Civile ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract.In the last decade, autism has become one of the most hotly contested health policy issues in North America and beyond. From debates about the role of vaccines to the efficacy of therapeutic interventions, a range of civil society actors has been advocating for policy and societal change in the field, with mixed success. In Canada, this culminated in 2004 with a much-publicized Supreme Court decision—Auton v. British Columbia—that pitted parents of autistic children against the BC government, which was unwilling to cover the costs of behavioural treatment for autistic children. In contrast to parent-led advocacy groups, there has been a flurry of civil society activity waged by autistic self-advocates who decry the focus on curing autistic people and press instead for the recognition of neurological difference. Drawing on interviews with advocates in Canada and the US, this article highlights these contending perspectives and argues that both pose fundamental challenges to how we view the redistributive aims of the welfare state in Canada and beyond.Résumé.Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'autisme est devenu l'un des enjeux les plus controversés dans le domaine de la santé au Canada et à l'étranger. Que ce soit lors de débats sur le rôle des vaccins ou encore sur l'efficacité des interventions thérapeutiques, plusieurs acteurs de la société civile ont milité, avec un succès mitigé, en faveur de changements dans politiques et sociaux par rapport à l'autisme. Au Canada, cet activisme résultera en une décision fort controversée de la Cour Suprême en 2004,Auton v. Colombie-Brittanique, portant sur un conflit entre les parents d'enfants autistes et le gouvernement de la Colombie-Britannique, qui refusait de payer le coût des traitements pour les enfants autistes. En parallèle au militantisme des parents d'enfants autistes, des individus autistes se sont aussi mobilisés pour dénoncer cette fois l'objectif même de guérir les personnes autistes. Ces derniers exigent plutôt que soient reconnues leurs différences et, de manière plus large, le principe de la diversité neurologique. Se basant sur des entrevues avec des militants et des militantes, cet article présente ces différentes perspectives et démontre qu'elles remettent en question la façon dont nous conceptualisons le modèle de redistribution associé à l'État-providence.

New Wars — Old Ethics

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-180
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Just War ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
New Wars ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Necessary Evil ◽  
Conventional Paradigm

The emergence of “new wars” in the second half of the twentieth century has changed the conventional paradigm for thinking about military conflicts and called into question the relevance of what previous theorists have offered. However, the most useful approach to the analysis of war is based on the widely accepted conceptual framework of the theory of just war, which is itself grounded in analytical ethics. The interpretations of just war theory by Michael Walzer, Nick Fotion, Brian Orend and Jeff McMahan are central to an ethical understanding of war, but they are of only limited value for considering the topic of “new wars,” which meanwhile are in constant flux. Philosophical thinking on these matters is failing keep pace with the transformation of the object it is considering. War is becoming a media phenomenon, a subject for futuristic speculation, and a routine reality for a number of countries and regions. It is losing its clear spatial and temporal contours, and although we are gaining greater control over its management and increasing the variety of forms that military conflicts take, we are losing control over the overall situation. War should be now seen as a complex phenomenon of social reality that demands a revision of the outdated and limited ethical supports that have been provided for this “necessary evil.” Military conflicts are among the images of modernity that must be apprehended in all their complexity.

Introduction

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Interest Alignment

This introductory chapter develops a new conceptual framework for understanding how China’s complex domestic structures influence the practice and effectiveness of China’s economic statecraft. China’s orchestration approach integrates three core elements: the “nesting” of orchestration tactics within its hierarchical structures; the use of lucrative “tournaments” designed to attract eager participants while facilitating oversight and discipline; and designing economic statecraft initiatives to maximize interest alignment between central leaders’ foreign policy goals and the interests of key implementing actors. The chapter concludes with the book’s research methodology and a book overview.

scholarly journals Play-based interventions to support social and communication development in autistic children aged 2–8 years: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 239694152110158
Author(s):  
Jenny L Gibson ◽  
Emma Pritchard ◽  
Carmen de Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Play Skills ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Wide Range

Background and aims Play is used by practitioners from across disciplinary backgrounds as a natural and enjoyable context for providing intervention and support in early childhood. In the case of autism interventions, many therapies are based on the association between social play and the development of social skills, language development, and communication skills, as these are often particular areas of challenge for autistic children. However, play is a wide-ranging concept and the extant literature on play-based interventions is large and heterogeneous. This means it is challenging for practitioners and families to navigate the evidence base and make choices about differing intervention strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive map of the research on this topic and to develop a conceptual framework to inform clinical decision-making. Methods An initial stakeholder consultation confirmed the relevance of the topic to practitioners and autistic people. A scoping review methodology (preregistered) was used to identify relevant literature. We systematically searched seven databases to find peer-reviewed primary intervention studies of play-based approaches targeting language, social and communication outcomes for autistic children aged 2-8 years. We then summarised the literature using narrative synthesis and Evidence Gap Maps (EGMs). The literature was summarised according to a range of characteristics, including study design, population characteristics, agent of intervention and outcomes measured, among others. These summaries were then used to develop a framework for some key considerations for practitioners appraising play-based approaches. Results 388 studies met inclusion criteria. Approximately 21% of studies were RCTs, and over 50% had ≤10 participants. Over 45% of studies reported multiple relevant outcomes, with social play skills being the most common single intervention target. Girls and minority background groups are under-represented. A range of intervention types were identified, and some high-level categorisations are proposed. Main contribution: On the basis of the evidence synthesis we suggest important dimensions for appraisal of play-based interventions, including the role of play within an intervention (as a context, a key developmental mechanism, or a component of a larger approach), the underpinning philosophy (e.g. behaviourist or developmental), and the role of the practitioner (providing parent feedback, 1:1 intervention, group facilitation). Conclusions The wide range of approaches uncovered by this review is a testament to the wonderful diversity inherent to both play and autism. However, research could usefully focus on consolidating the evidence base for existing approaches, rather than aiming for further diversification. Implications: The conceptual framework proposed in this review can help practitioners appraise the literature and aid their advice to families when making shared intervention decisions.

Conclusions, Contribution to Knowledge, Implications and Future Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 358-377
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Personal Selling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Research Questions

This chapter concludes this book, which has examined the challenges faced by practitioners, salespeople, and academics alike in relation to SPP. It is structured around the format of the investigation and highlights the key issues and considerations and the theoretical conceptualisations starting with the introductory chapter through the background and evolution of the personal selling literature review. It has also highlighted the research methodology, analysis, discussion, findings, contributions to knowledge, and recommendations for future research. The purpose of this chapter is to serve as a distillation of the entire study. The chapter starts with a restatement of the research questions. The chapter then proceeds to the findings and conclusions, theoretical and methodological contributions, implications for practitioners and academics, conceptual framework contribution, contribution to the author's personal development, the limitations of the study, the recommendations for future research, and final conclusions .

scholarly journals Childhood diagnoses in individuals identified as autistics in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eya-Mist Rødgaard ◽  
Kristian Jensen ◽  
Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak ◽  
Laurent Mottron
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologists ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Autism Diagnosis ◽  
Childhood Conditions ◽  
Danish Health ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
National Patient ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Adult Autism

Abstract Background Autism is a developmental condition, where symptoms are expected to occur in childhood, but a significant number of individuals are diagnosed with autism for the first time in adulthood. Here, we examine diagnoses given in childhood among individuals that are diagnosed with autism in adulthood, to investigate whether the late autism diagnosis might be explained by misdiagnosis in childhood or diagnostic overshadowing. Methods Through the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified individuals diagnosed with autism in adulthood (N = 2199), as well as a control sample with no records of an autism diagnosis (N = 460,798) and calculated how many had received different psychiatric or neurological diagnoses in childhood. Results We found that most childhood diagnoses were overrepresented in those with an adult autism diagnosis, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders, anxiety, and stress disorders were the most prevalent childhood conditions in this group. However, 69% of males and 61% of females with adult autism diagnoses were not found to have received any of the investigated diagnoses before 18 years of age, and most childhood diagnoses were given after the age of 12. Limitations Milder to moderate cases of psychiatric conditions that have been solely treated by family physicians or school psychologists may not be fully included in our dataset. The study is based on data from the Danish health care system, and further research is needed to assess whether the findings can be generalized to other countries. Conclusion A majority of those with an adult autism diagnosis had no records of having received any of the investigated diagnoses in childhood. In these cases, the late autism diagnosis is therefore unlikely to be explained by either misdiagnosis or overshadowing. This result is at odds with the prevailing notion that autistic symptoms tend to diminish with age. Therefore, further research is warranted to examine how and if early signs of autism may have manifested among these individuals, and how similar they are to autistic people diagnosed earlier in their development.

Introduction and Conceptual Framework

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Ecological Effects

This introductory chapter discusses how when studying eco-evolutionary dynamics, one might focus on genotypes or phenotypes. Selection acts directly on phenotypes rather than on genotypes. Genotypes are affected by selection only indirectly through their association with phenotypes that influence fitness. Understanding the role of ecology in shaping evolution therefore requires a phenotypic perspective. Furthermore, the ecological effects of organisms are driven by their phenotypes rather than by their genotypes. In some cases, eco-evolutionary dynamics might be similar at the genetic and phenotypic levels, most obviously so when a key functional trait is mainly determined by a single gene. The chapter also explains how eco-evolutionary dynamics can be studied in theory or in real organisms.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Banu Karaca
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Art World ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
The Eu

Beginning with the assumption of the inherent goodness of art that is shared by official discourses on the national (i.e., the state) and supranational level (e.g., UNESCO or the EU), the introductory chapter lays out the conceptual framework of the study. It outlines three key dynamics that call art into the national frame—despite the global formations of the art world and the universalism accorded to art—namely discourses of art as a greater good, decivilizing moments in the arts that are connected to episodes of state violence (including genocide), and dispossession. In order to establish the comparative perspective, the chapter maps the entanglements between Germany and Turkey in both their imperial and modern formations as well as the historical intimacy of the two national contexts. It argues that this intimacy allows for comparing Turkey and Germany, Istanbul and Berlin, and for thinking through a set of interrelated questions regarding the civilizing function accorded to art, and moments in which art is seen to cede this function. The chapter also maps the ethnographic fieldwork (2005–2011) that informs this study, its sites and interlocutors, and the author’s positionality as both insider and outsider in the research settings of Istanbul and Berlin.

scholarly journals Interrogating disability and prosthesis through the conceptual framework of NEODISABILITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
Tine Fristrup ◽  
Christopher Karanja Odgaard
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Disability Studies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Critical Disability Studies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Invisible

This article investigates the emerging field of critical disability studies in order to explore understandings of disability and prosthesis through the intersection of dis/ability studies, studies in ableism, and philosophical enquiries into the biopolitics of disability and neoliberal psychopolitics. We present the interpretation that contemporary Western ableism is confi gured by neoliberal arrangements operating on the individual in ongoing processes of self-improvement. People who fail in the achievement society see themselves as being responsible for their own situation, blaming themselves as individuals instead of questioning the ableism that organises contemporary societal orderings in the neoliberal production of inferiority. We offer a conceptual framework of neodisability by unfolding internalised disabling processes in which the bifurcation of ‘dis’ and ‘ability’ operates through the forward-slash in dis/ability. The forward-slash captivates the optimistic cruelty in the workings of contemporary ableism in search of excellence through prosthetic confi gurations in an achievement economy: desiring the invisible prosthesis of willpower in the constant pursuit of overcoming the ‘dis/’. Neodisability engenders contemporary psycho-neoliberal-ableism, with people turning their aggressions against themselves in never-ending processes of dis-ing parts of themselves as ‘notfit-enough’, while being in constant need of therapeutic interventions to employ and promote the self-optimising efforts in times of neodisableism.

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