The Notebooks of Alexander Skryabin

Author(s):  
Simon Nicholls

Skryabin’s life spanned the tumultuous political events and artistic developments of the end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth but was cut short before the end of the First World War. In an era when the Russian musical scene was relatively conservative, he aligned himself with the poets, philosophers, and dramatists of the Silver Age. Possessed by an apocalyptic vision, aspects of which he shared with other Russian thinkers and artists of the period, Skryabin transformed his Romantic musical style into a far-reaching, radical instrument for the expression of his ideas. The core of the book is a full translation of the 1919 Moscow publication of Skryabin’s writings with the original introduction by Skryabin’s close friend Boris de Schloezer, brother of the composer’s life partner, Tat′yana. Schloezer’s introduction gives a vivid impression of the final years of Skryabin’s life. This text is supplemented by relevant letters and other writings. The commentary has been researched from original materials, drawing on accounts by the composer’s friends and associates. The roots of Skryabin’s thought in ancient Greek and German idealist philosophy, the writings of Nietzsche, Indian culture, Russian philosophy, and the Theosophical writings of H. P. Blavatsky are analysed, and accounts of the Poem of Ecstasy and Prometheus, the Poem of Fire show their relation to Skryabin’s world of ideas. A biographical section relates the development of the thought to the incidents of the composer’s life.

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-386
Author(s):  
Hermann Kellenbenz

This study is intended to give a short survey on the development of shipping and trade between two main German ports and the Indian Ocean from the early years of the Bismarck period to the beginning of the First World War. The study deals with the area from East Africa to East India and from Indochina to Indonesia. China, the Philippines, and Australia will not be considered. It is based on an analysis of published material.


2021 ◽  
pp. 096834452110434
Author(s):  
Fabio De Ninno

During the interwar era, German naval history and naval doctrine exercised a profound influence on the development of the Italian Navy. The subject is relevant to understand how continental sea powers naval doctrines developed after the First World War, attempting to integrate new weapon systems to overcome the previous limits of the Fleet in being strategy. Italian naval thinkers incorporated the lessons offered by their German counterparts, preparing to repeat many of their mistakes, which explained in part the failures of Italian sea power in the early years of the Second World War.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Kovalevskaia ◽  
J.A. Fedoritenko

In this article, the authors raise the problem of the political situation of Latvia on the world stage after the First World War and the formation of statehood in Latvia. The authors set themselves the task of studying the problem of relations between Latvia and Germany, Latvia and Soviet Russia in the established period, and analyzing the main provisions of the Paris Conference of 1919–1920. and the approaches of the participating countries to the Latvian issue. The logical conclusion of the above topic is the consideration of the stage of the struggle for diplomatic and legal recognition by the West in the post-war years and the national consolidation of Latvia, the signing and signifi cance of the Riga Peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia (1920) in the context of current political events.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
Norman Laporte

Despite Ernst Thälmann's prominence in the German Democratic Republic's official antifascist narrative, there was no 'scholarly' biography of him until 1979. The reasons for this shed light on the political culture of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and its history-writing arm, the Institute of Marxism-Leninism – especially in the regime's early years under Walter Ulbricht. The refusal to falsify Thälmann's relatively conventional war record by the SED's appointed biographer, party veteran Rudolf Lindau, was a refusal to expunge his own party history from official memory. As a founding member of the International Communists of Germany (IKD), which was close to Leninism during and immediately after the war, Lindau did not want to contribute to myth-making which failed to account for the actual wartime antimilitarism of his own proto-communist grouping. The feud was part of wider debates in the SED about the nature of the November Revolution and the origins of the German Communist Party (1918), which ultimately identified the Spartacist tradition as the party's official heritage. Of course, Lindau could not change the party line; but he was given very considerable latitude to disseminate his own views within party circles. He only came into conflict with the party leadership after being accused of building a 'platform' (i.e. taking collective action) in the early 1960s and even then met no serious sanction. In short, the SED was not the monolith of cold-war cliché. Instead, it tried to maximise the latitude given to old Communists from a diversity of party traditions.


1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Rouette

Historians have generally interpreted the early years of the Weimar Republic as an important stage in the development of the German welfare state. For the first time in the history of Germany, the state established in the constitution not only its own wideranging responsibilities and opportunities for intervention, but also the political and social rights of its citizens. Apart from “fundamentally” equal citizenship rights for womenand men (Art. 108) these also included entitlement to state support for the family and maternity as well as special state protection for marriage which, the constitution proclaimed, was to rest on an “equality of the two sexes” (Art. 119).


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ibsa Ahmed Hassen ◽  
Seyfettin Erşahin

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The reign of Lij Iyasu was one of the most controversial periods in the history of Ethiopia. Iyasu came to power because of an absence of a direct male line from the reigning King, Menelik (1889-1913). He was the product of the crisis of the last quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. He was the son of Michael, the ex-Muslim, who was converted to Christianity by force after the council of Boru Meda in 1878. He was the descendant of the two largest ethnic groups in the country, the Oromo, and Amhara. His background was helpful to stop the creeping inequality developing in the country at that time, however; it was the same background that contributed to the demise of Iyasu. He was also involved in the politics of the First World War. He had a good relationship with the Ottoman and the Somali nationalist, Sayyid Abdalle Hassen. His relation to the Ottoman and conversion to Islam irritated the European powers. Those factors contributed greatly to his downfall. This article will put light on the period of Lij Iyasu including the question of his conversion to Islam and political events based on available oral and written sources.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Lic Iyasu’nun dönemi (1913-1916) Etiyopya tarihinin en tartışmalı dönemlerinden birisidir. Iyasu, hükümdar olan Kral Menelik’in (1889-1913) bir erkek evladı olmaması sebebiyle iktidar şansını elde etti. Bu sebeple de kendisi 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğindeki Etiyopya kraliyetindeki taht krizinin bir parçası oldu. Iyasu, daha önceden Müslüman iken 1878 yılındaki Boru Meda Konseyi’nden sonra zorla Hristiyanlığa geçirilen Michael’in oğluydu. Iyasu, ülkedeki en büyük iki etnik grup olan Oromoların ve Amharaların soyundan geliyordu. Kökeni, bir yandan o zamanlar ülkede büyümekte olan eşitsizliği durdurması için yardımcı olurken, bir yandan da tahttan indirilmesine sebep olmuştu. Iyasu aynı zamanda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na da siyaseten müdahil olmuştu. Osmanlılarla ve Somalili milliyetçi Seyyid Abdallah Hassan ile iyi ilişkileri vardı. Bu durum Avrupalı güçler için son derece rahatsız edici bir durumdu. Iyasu’nun bu teşebbüslerini etkisiz kılmak için Avrupalı güçler, Iyasu karşıtı Etiyopyalı yerel güçlere destek vererek onu tahttan indirdiler. Bu makale, sözlü ve yazılı kaynaklara dayanarak Iyasu’nun İslamiyet’e geçişi dâhil olmak üzere, dönemin siyasi olaylarına ve yönetimine ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Adrien Douchet ◽  
Taline Garibian ◽  
Benoît Pouget

The aim of this article is to shed light on the conditions under which the funerary management of human remains was carried out by the French authorities during the early years of the First World War. It seeks to understand how the urgent need to clear the battlefield as quickly as possible came into conflict with the aspiration to give all deceased an individualised, or at the very least dignified, burial. Old military funerary practices were overturned and reconfigured to incorporate an ideal that sought the individual identification of citizen soldiers. The years 1914–15 were thus profoundly marked by a clash between the pragmatism of public health authorities obsessed with hygiene, the infancy of emerging forensic science, the aching desire of the nation to see its children buried individually and various political and military imperatives related to the conduct of the war.


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Mikhail B. Glotov

This article is an overview of P.A. Sorokin’s participation in the processes of developing sociology as a science in Russia during his studies at the Department of Sociology at the Psychoneurological Institute, at the Faculty of Law at the St. Petersburg University, in preparation for thesis presentation during the First World War and in the early years of the Soviet regime. Particular attention is paid to his publications, participation in organizing the functioning of the first Russian sociological society named after M.M. Kovalevsky, Department of Sociology at the Petrograd University and in the empirical research conducted by the Sociological Institute.


Author(s):  
كمال طاهر رشيد (Kemal Rashid) ◽  
محمد روسلان (Mohamed Ruslan) ◽  
فيصل عبد الحميد (Feisal AbdulHamid)

الملخصتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء على حقبة مهمة من تاريخ كوردستان، بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى التي عانت خلالها المنطقة من فراغ سياسي وإداري، تم ملؤه بظهور قائد عرف باسم الشيخ محمود البرزنجي. وقد ذاع صيت الشيخ في فترة شهدت العديد من الأحداث السياسية الجسيمة، فضلاً عن المحاولات العديدة لدول الشرق والغرب للهيمنة على كوردستان بعد نهاية الخلافة العثمانية. وقد ترعرع الشيخ محمود البرزنجي في أسرة متدينة عرفت ببراعتها في العلوم الشرعية ونضالها السياسي والعسكري. وقام البريطانيون بمساندة دعوته لتأسيس مملكة كوردية، وكانوا يهدفون من وراء ذلك إضعاف أثر السلطة العثمانية في المنطقة. فيما اصطدم الشيخ محمود البرزنجي فيما بعد مع البريطانيين والروس أيضاً، وفي عام 1918م تم تنصيبه ملكاً لكوردستان. وقد جرت مراسيم الإعلان عن حكومته ثلاث مرات، ثم سقطت مملكة كوردستان في عام 1925م وأصبحت جزءاً من مملكة العراق. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج أهمها أنّ الشيخ محمود البرزنجي بقي ثابتاً على مبادئه ولم يتخل عنها مقابل الإغراءات المالية التي قدمها له الأتراك والبريطانيون، كما أثبت الشيخ محمود البرزنجي أنه شخصية ديموقراطية، حيث سعى جاهداً لتمثيل طوائف المجتمع الكوردي ومكوناته كافة في حكومته بما فيهم غير المسلمين. كما سعى الشيخ محمود البرزنجي جاهداً للتعاون مع مسلمي المنطقة، حيث ساعد الأتراك في حربهم ضد الروس، كما ساند العرب في جنوب العراق عسكرياً في حربهم ضد البريطانيين. الكلمات المفتاحية: محمود البرزنجي، كوردستان، نضال الكورد، البرزنجييون، الاحتلال البريطاني. *********************************************************AbstractThis study aims at shedding light on an important era after the First World War in the history of Kurdistan during which the region suffered from political and administrative vacuum and it was filled by the emergence of the leader known as Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji. He shot to renown in the period that witnessed many serious political events as well as numerous attempts of many of Eastern and Western countries to dominate the Kurdistan after the end of the Ottoman Empire. Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji grew up in a religious family known for its agility in Islamic SharÊ‘ah sciences and political and military struggle. The British supported his call for the establishment of the Kurdish Kingdom and their aim behind this support was to weaken the Ottoman power in the region. Later on Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji collided with both the British and Russia, and in year 1918 he was ushered in as the king of Kurdistan. His government announced decrees three times and the Kingdom of Kurdistan fell in 1925 and became part of the Kingdom of Iraq. This study found many important results. The most significant findings show that Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji remained firm on his principles and refused to abandon them against the financial incentives offered to him by the Turks and the British. Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji proved to be a democratic person as he struggled for the representation of all sects of the Kurdish community and all of its components in his government, including non-Muslims. He also worked hard to cooperate with the Muslims of the region as he supported the Turks in their war against the Russians and the Arab the southern Iraq against the British.     Keywords: Mahmoud Barzanji, Kurdistan, struggle of the Kurds, Alborznjiyon, British occupation.


Author(s):  
Jared S. Buss

Chapter 1 pieces together Ley’s childhood in Berlin. It attributes his early fascination with science through his consumption of popular science and science fiction. By analyzing the themes and representations in his favorite books, this chapter presents Ley as an idealistic dreamer, who longed to become an explorer during the First World War and the early years of Weimar Germany.


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