The Conceptual Foundations of ‘Hybrid Warfare’

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Ofer Fridman
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
The West ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Military ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

In the literature produced in the West, the concept of hybrid warfare is most often associated with US military theorist Frank Hoffman, who attempted to bridge the gap between the linear characterization of (regular or irregular) warfare in the context of the twenty-first century operational environment. This chapter explores the conceptual foundations of hybrid warfare and how it was originally conceptualized and understood in the West. Since the concept is the product of US military thought, it examines the context in which it was developed, in addition to the way it has been used by US scholars and members of the military. This chapter introduces four main sources that influenced the idea of hybrid warfare: namely the concepts of unrestricted warfare, fourth generation warfare (4GW), compound warfare and the ideas outlined in the 2005 US National Defense Strategy.

Introduction to Armed Forces & Society

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
South African ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Women In The Military ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military

This Armed Forces & Society issue is on women in the contemporary armed forces in the United States and other nations to include the South African National Defense Force and the Australian Defense Force. This issue contains a collection of nine papers, each reviewing a current aspect of women serving in the military since the post–Vietnam War Era. There are also two review essays of Megan Mackenzie’s book, Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth That Women Can’t Fight. An overview of changing laws and the expanding role of women in the military is provided in this introduction, as well as summaries of the nine articles, and comments on the two book reviews mentioned above.

Suicide attempt trends leading up to and following gun lock changes in the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Michael D. Anestis ◽  
Samantha E. Daruwala ◽  
Neil Carey
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Firearm Suicide ◽  
The Military

PurposeFirearms account for the majority of suicide deaths in the US military and general population. The percentage of suicides resulting from firearms is higher in the military, however, and as such, the ratio of non-lethal to lethal suicide attempts is lower in the military than in the general population. In 2013, Congress passed the National Defense Authorization Act, which facilitated a Department of Defense (DoD) shift toward allowing commanding officers and clinicians to inquire about personal firearms with service members perceived as being at risk and also began giving free cable locks to firearm-owning military personnel. The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary understanding of the effectiveness of this change, the authors examined trends in firearm suicide attempts within the US military and general population from 2010 to 2015.Design/methodology/approachData on non-lethal and lethal suicide attempts overall and within specific methods were extracted from the Department of Defense Suicide Event Report and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (2011–2015).FindingsContrary to expectations, firearms were not utilized in a smaller proportion of suicide attempts within the military post-law change. Consistent with expectations, however, the ratio of non-lethal to lethal suicide attempts increased, particularly after the change in law, with the ratio in the military converging somewhat with that of the general population.Originality/valueOverall, results were mixed, with only limited and tangential evidence that the change in law has proven effective. More precise data collection will be required in order to fully evaluate such laws.

Economic Growth and Defence Spending: An Efficiency Analysis of Romania’s Conscription Suspension

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Alin Teodor Huseraș ◽  
Andrei Ciprian Spînu
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
External Funding ◽  
The Public ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
The Military ◽  
Theoretical Issues

AbstractNational defense is one of the key sectors responsible for maintaining national security, being considered at the same time an element of great importance and strict necessity of the public sector. The performance of defense functions and missions are closely linked to the military capabilities of this sector, which in turn depend on the budget for defense spending. This paper deals with some theoretical issues in the economic field of defense, regarding the size of defense spending in GDP and their social effects. It is also trying to carry out an analysis on the efficiency versus inefficiency in the use of defense resources, to finance the two types of recruitment systems, namely: by conscription or voluntary will. In order to be able to achieve the above, graphical analysis methods and calculation dermination method were used. The efficiency of spending public funds depends on both objective factors such as: distribution of a certain share of GDP to a certain area; attracting internal and external funding, as well as subjective factors, like: allocating resources to certain categories of expenses; allocating resources to certain defense programs; effective management of these resources by the competent structures. Therefore, for a program to be considered effective, it must meet the requirements of the collective needs of society, be rationally implemented and be sustainable.

Problems of military-political interaction between the countries of the West and Central Asia at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Boris G. Koybaev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Political Interaction ◽  
The Military

Central Asia in recent history is a vast region with five Muslim States-new actors in modern international relations. The countries of Central Asia, having become sovereign States, at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries are trying to peaceful interaction not only with their underdeveloped neighbors, but also with the far-off prosperous West. At the same time, the United States and Western European countries, in their centrosilic ambitions, seek to increase their military and political presence in Central Asia and use the military bases of the region’s States as a springboard for supplying their troops during anti-terrorist and other operations. With the active support of the West, the Central Asian States were accepted as members of the United Nations. For monitoring and exerting diplomatic influence on the regional environment, the administration of the President of the Russian Federation H. W. Bush established U.S. embassies in all Central Asian States. Turkey, a NATO member and secular Islamic state, was used as a lever of indirect Western influence over Central Asian governments, and its model of successful development was presented as an example to follow.

Physical - Chemical Issues of Cephalosporin Intercalated Nanoparticles for Life - Threatening Infections Treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
Lucian Eva ◽  
Letitia Doina Duceac ◽  
Liviu Stafie ◽  
Constantin Marcu ◽  
Geta Mitrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Double Hydroxides

The fourth generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent, cefepime, was loaded into layered double hydroxides for enhancing antibiotic efficiency, reducing side effects, as well as achieving the sustained release property. The intercalation of antibiotic into the inter-gallery of ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was carried out using ion exchange method, by this constituting a nano-sized organic-inorganic hybrid material for a controlled release novel formulation. Although cefepime is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it has various adverse effects and a significant degradation rate. Thus, the preparation and physico-chemical characterization of nanomaterials able to intercalate this drug is an important study for medical and pharmaceutical field. The antibiotic inclusion into LDHs nanostructure was confirmed by advanced characterization techniques and the release profile of cefepime was analysed with the respect to pH of the simulated media.

Defensive Deterrence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishai Beer
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Defense Strategy ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
The Law ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
The Military

This chapter deals with the lack of coherency between strategic reality—which uses deterrence as an essential strategic tool—and the prevailing law. Deterrence is a tool for enforcing compliance with the law; it promotes the containment of potential conflicts. It is pivotal in strategic thinking and, in many cases, an essential component of the national-defense strategy of law-abiding states. But although deterrence is central to the management of global security, in current international law deterrence considerations are perceived with suspicion and mistrust. It is perceived as an unlawful punitive measure. The lack of consensus on lawful deterrence, however, might create a vacuum that invites aggressors and transgressors. This chapter offers normative suggestions for introducing defensive deterrence and overcoming the practical problem of putting it into practice within the current contours of the law, by using the military professionalism criterion.

scholarly journals Helminth infections in the US military: from strongyloidiasis to schistosomiasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa R Lindrose ◽  
Indrani Mitra ◽  
Jamie Fraser ◽  
Edward Mitre ◽  
Patrick W Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
The Us ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The Military

Abstract Background Helminth infections caused by parasitic worms, including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes), can cause chronic symptoms and serious clinical outcomes if left untreated. The US military frequently conducts activities in helminth-endemic regions, particularly Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. However, the military does not currently screen for these infections, and to date, no comprehensive surveillance studies have been completed to assess the frequency of helminth diagnoses in the military personnel and their families. Methods To determine the burden of helminth infections in the US Military Health System (MHS), we conducted a retrospective analysis of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/10 diagnosis codes from all medical encounters in the MHS Data Repository (MDR) from fiscal years (FY) 2012 to 2018. Chart reviews were conducted to assign ICD diagnoses as incorrect, suspected, probable or confirmed based on the laboratory results and symptoms. Results Abstraction of MHS data revealed over 50 000 helminth diagnoses between FY 2012 and FY 2018. Of these, 38 445 of diagnoses were amongst unique subjects. After chart review, we found there were 34 425 validated helminth infections diagnosed amongst the unique subjects of US military personnel, retirees and dependents. Nearly 4000 of these cases represented infections other than enterobiasis. There were 351 validated strongyloidiasis diagnoses, 317 schistosomiasis diagnoses and 191 diagnoses of cysticercosis during the study period. Incidence of intestinal nematode infection diagnoses showed an upward trend, whilst the incidence of cestode infection diagnoses decreased. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that helminth infections capable of causing severe morbidity are often diagnosed in the US military. As helminth infections are often asymptomatic or go undiagnosed, the true burden of helminth infections in US military personnel and dependents may be higher than observed here. Prospective studies of US military personnel deployed to helminth-endemic areas may be indicated to determine if post-deployment screening and/or empirical treatment are warranted.

3D crustal-scale structure of the West Iberia margin: a novel approach to integrated structural characterization of passive margins

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Granado ◽  
Alfonso Muñoz-Martín ◽  
Antonio J. Olaiz ◽  
Oscar Fernández ◽  
María Druet
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
Passive Margins ◽  
Novel Approach

Sophistication of Taiwan High School Military Training and Education System of Teacher Education Research

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
Min Chuan Huang ◽  
Chao Yen Wu ◽  
Jang Ruey Tzeng
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Military Training ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Teacher Training Programs ◽  
The Military

This study sought to resolve the current imbalance of demand and supply of the military instructors on the campus in Taiwan. Having witnessed the importance of a sustainable supply of certified military instructors to support the all-people-defense-education, the study first reviewed two versions of teacher training programs carried out by the Ministry of Defense and normative colleges. After exposing the weaknesses of these two versions of selection practice, this study continued with its recommendation. It is hoped that with its suggested concept of building partnership via outsourcing, professional identity of the military instructors can be elevated and ascertained. Specific contributions of this study are: the National Defense Education Division made sophisticated system of teacher education and teacher key capabilities. Project commissioned by the National Defense Education recruitment agency approach teacher education ideas

Fireworms (Amphinomidae: Annelida) from Ascension and Saint Helena Island, Central South Atlantic Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera ◽  
Judith Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
South Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
The West ◽  
Hermodice Carunculata ◽  
The Family ◽  
Volcanic Islands ◽  
Central South

Ascension and Saint Helena Islands are isolated volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Records of annelids from the family Amphinomidae, commonly known as fireworms, are rare. Fireworm species recorded in both localities includeEurythoe complanataandHermodice carunculata,which are broadly distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Here we present the characterization of both species from a recent expedition to Ascension and Saint Helena. Morphologically, specimens fromH. carunculatacorrespond to the West Atlantic population, whileE. complanataspecimens were clearly identified based on chaetal type. A genetic analysis, including material from Ascension and Saint Helena Islands, will be necessary to elucidate the genetic connectivity across the Atlantic Ocean.

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