On the Nature of Sleep

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Domenico Agostini ◽  
Samuel Thrope

Chapters 19 and 19A contain a short description of the nature and function of sleep (xwāb). The chapters describe the creation of sleep and its appearance. They also proscribe the proper length of sleep as three or four recitations of one of the central Zoroastrian prayers.

Author(s):  
Ritva Laury

AbstractThis paper concerns a particular grammatical construction, extraposition, and its use for assessments at points of transition between activities and topics by speakers of Finnish in ordinary conversation. A basic assumption taken here is that “recurrent clausal constructions of a language are social action formats for that language” (Thompson 2006), and that grammatical constructions such as clause types are learned and therefore routinized responses to certain types of interactional contingencies, and, at the same time, emergent from the current local context (Hopper 1987; Helasvuo 2001).The paper combines the two central perspectives developed in this issue, sequential design and dialogicality, with the study of grammar-in-interaction. It shows that the grammatical form of the Finnish extraposition construction emerges from its use by speakers for the creation of intersubjectivity through reproduction of prior talk and for the projection of stance taking to follow.


Author(s):  
Aaron Deter-Wolf ◽  
Tanya M. Peres

This introduction presents a brief geologic overview of the Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee. It describes the research interests that culminated in the creation of this volume and positions the volume within the overall context of Archaic shell-bearing site excavations in the Southeastern United States and the Shell Mound Archaic culture phase. The introduction further summarizes the prevailing theories as to the creation and function of Archaic shell-bearing sites which have been generated by research in other regions of the coastal and interior Southeast. Finally, it presents a short overview of the contributed chapters.


1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. McCarley ◽  
J. Allan Hobson

Author(s):  
David J. Echevarria ◽  
Kanza M. Khan

The purpose and function of sleep has been the topic of discussion for several centuries. Though our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the propagation and maintenance of rest states has undergone significant improvement, much remains to be learned with regards to the effects of disrupted sleep on diseased states. A deeper understanding of the neural circuitry and associated phenotypes would allow for the identification of sleep-related pathologies as well as the development of therapies for individuals with sleep disorders. To this end, the zebrafish (danio rerio) pose a great advantage. In the adult animal, sleep is largely consolidated to dark phases. Sleep may be disrupted via environmental, pharmacological or genetic manipulations. Disrupted sleep rhythms in the adult animal are linked to changes in gene and protein expression, while behavioral measures of anxiety have produced mixed results. We propose that this variation is a result of the type of sleep disruption as well as the type of anxiety test employed. This beckons the need for further study of the effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on the sleep rhythms of the animal. Further, researchers must not rely solely on one test as a measure of stress or anxiety as it provides only a one-dimensional insight.


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Di Carla Laitano ◽  
Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva ◽  
Deybson Borba de Almeida ◽  
Maria Itayra Padilha ◽  
Maria Angélica de Almeida Peres ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze nurses’ professional militancy in the institutionality field, presented by the printed media from Bahia State in the 1970s and 1980s. Methods: a historical and qualitative research under Social History’s perspective, whose data source was the newspaper A Tarde. The temporal cut-off encompasses milestones such as professional body restructuring and creation. Results: the Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem democratization movement was reported in a superficial way, highlighting the struggle for power spaces. With respect to Conselhos Federal e Regional de Enfermagem daBahia, the newspaper notified creation and function of bodies, however, there was no visibility to the newspaper’s performance. Concerning the union, there was political fragility of nurses against the creation and union participation in the fight for labor rights. Final Considerations: organization of political action occurred from isolated groups mobilization of professionals who were already traveling in political spaces, not the large mass of professionals.


CORAK ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Retno Fitriani

Passion, love, and interest can be an inspiration to an artist. That thing can be a stimulation in creating a work of art. Some scene of film Life of Pi shows an ocean view which glows at night became such an admiration to the writer. The astonishment then stimulated curiousities of the writer about that phenomenon. Finally, there came out the word Radiolaria. Radiolaria are tiny sized planktons which have holes and spikes in their bodies. The shape and texture of Radiolaria became an inspiration that later will be deformed and shaped into a ceramic instalation. Innovation and creation that arise in this work were also displayed using phospor as a medium to show the phenomenon of Bioluminesensi. The intention to introduce the shape and function of Radiolaria gives an enormous stimulation to the writer, so that this artwork was made to give an education through this work of art. The creation of this artwork began with making skecth planning, material choosing, up to the stage of creating which was done by some techniques, which are a cire perdue, pinch, slab, and decorating stage with the technique of piercing and twisting. After that, there was a drying stage, biscuit burning, glacing, glacing burning, phospor finishing, and displaying. Furthermore, the artwork was strenghten by some supporting theories, such as: ceramic theory, deformation, instalation, semiotic, and aesthetic theory. This work is a ceramic applied art which was displayed in the varied colors and shapes instalation. Semiotic contains were slipped in this artwork and were hoped to create a good communication with the society and art lovers. This Radiolaria themed work of art was made to introduce Radiolaria to people in general with applying the touch of personal expression touch so that originality of this work would remains the same without fading the impression of the real Radiolaria. Key Words: Deformation, Radiolaria, Ceramic Instalation.   Kesukaan, kecintaan, ketertaikan akan suatu hal dapat menjadi sebuah inspirasi bagi seorang seniman, tentunya hal tersebut dapat menjadi sebuah rangsangan dalam menciptakan sebuah karya seni. Film Life of Pi yang dibeberapa scene nya memperlihatkan pemandangan laut yang dapat berpijar dimalam hari memberikan rasa takjub sehingga merangsang rasa ingin tahu tentang apa yang menyebabkan adanya fenomena tersebut, yang kemudian didapatlah kata Radiolaria. Radiolaria merupakan plankton yang berukuran sangat kecil dengan ciri khas memiliki lubang-lubang dan duri-duri pada tubuhnya. Bentuk dan tekstur Radiolaria ini dijadikan sumber ide yang kemudian akan dideformasi dan dijadikan keramik instalasi. Inovasi dan kreasi yang muncul dalam karya ini juga ditampilkan dengan menggunakan fosfor sebagai media untuk menunjukkan peristiwa Bioluminesensi. Rasa ingin memperkenalkan akan bentuk dan manfaatRadiolaria memberikan dorongan yang begitu besar, sehingga diciptakanlah karya ini agar dapat memberikan edukasi baru melalui karya keramik instalasi.Penciptaan karya ini diawali dengan membuat sketsa perancangan, pemilihan bahan, hingga tahap perwujudan yang dilakukan dengan beberapa teknik yaitu cetak tuang, pinch, dan slab dan tahap pendekorasian dengan teknik krawang, dan pilin. Kemudian tahapan pengeringan, pembakaran biskuit, pengglasiran, pembakaran glasir, finishing dengan fosfor, dan pendisplayan. Lalu diperkuat dengan beberapa teori pendukung seperti : teori keramik, deformasi, instalasi, semiotika, dan estetika.Hasil karya ini merupakan seni kriya keramik yang didisplay secara instalasi yang memiliki variasi bentuk dan warna, dan kandungan semiotika yang disisipkan pada setiap karyanya sehingga diharapkan karya ini dapat berkomunikasi dengan masyarakat, dan penikmat seni dengan baik. Karya keramik dengan tema Radiolaria ini dimakudkan untuk memperkenalkan Radiolaria dikalangan awam dengan menerapkan sentuhan ekspresi pribadi sehingga orisinalitas karya tetap terjaga tanpa mengurangi kesan dari Radiolaria yang aslinya. Kata Kunci : Deformasi, Radiolaria, Keramik Instalasi.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Poernbacher ◽  
Sam Crossman ◽  
Joachim Kurth ◽  
Hisashi Nojima ◽  
Alberto Baena-Lopez ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTCRISPR/Cas technology allows the creation of double strand breaks and hence loss of function mutations at any location in the genome. This technology is now routine for many organisms and cell lines. Here we describe how CRISPR/Cas can be combined with other DNA manipulation techniques (e.g. homology-based repair, site-specific integration and Cre or FLP-mediated recombination) to create sophisticated tools to measure and manipulate gene activity. In one class of applications, a single site-specific insertion generates a transcriptional reporter, a loss-of function allele, and a tagged allele. In a second class of modifications, essential sequences are deleted and replaced with an integrase site, which serves as a platform for the creation of custom reporters, transcriptional drivers, conditional alleles and regulatory mutations. We describe how these tools and protocols can be implemented easily and efficiently. Importantly, we also highlight unanticipated failures, which serve as cautionary tales, and suggest mitigating measures. Our tools are designed for use in Drosophila but the lessons we draw are likely to be widely relevant.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe genome contains all the information that an organism needs to develop and function throughout its life. One of the goal of genetics is to decipher the role of all the genes (typically several thousands for an animal) present in the genome. One approach is to delete each gene and assay the consequences. Deletion of individual genes is now readily achieved with a technique called CRISPR/Cas9. However, simple genetic deletion provides limited information. Here we describe strains and DNA vectors that streamline the generation of more sophisticated genetic tools. We describe general means of creating alleles (genetic variants) that enable gene activity to be measured and experimentally modulated in space and time. Although the tools we describe are universally applicable, each gene requires special consideration. Based on our experience of successes and failures, we suggest measures to maximise the chances that engineered alleles serve their intended purpose. Although our methods are designed for use in Drosophila, they could be adapted to any organism that is amenable to CRISPR/Cas9 genome modification.


2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsie Jeffries ◽  
David Lentink

Abstract Probabilistic mechanical fasteners are used to provide secure, reversible, and repeatable attachments in both nature and industry. Since the first observation of this mechanism in nature, which led to the creation of hook-and-loop fasteners, there has been a multitude of variations on the basic hook-and-loop design. However, few fastener designs have looked back to nature for inspiration in creating novel products or improving existing fasteners. Given the diverse probabilistic mechanical fasteners employed in nature, there is opportunity to further the research and development of these underdeveloped fasteners. To this end, we present a framework which describes the theory, design considerations, modelling, and mechanical testing required to study probabilistic mechanical fasteners. We further provide a comparison of the performance of existing probabilistic mechanical fasteners found in nature and industry as a reference for novel bio-inspired designs. Finally, we discuss current areas of application and future opportunities for fastener innovation.


Author(s):  
Andreas Mitrakas

Electronically signed transactions typically associate the applied electronic signature with the signed data and implicitly with the terms and conditions related to the scope of the performed transaction. Some aspects of the association between an electronic signature and the transaction can be conveyed by means of a signature policy. Signature policies are a set of rules for the creation and validation of an electronic signature, under which an electronic signature can be determined to be valid. This chapter suggest however, that additional transaction constraints might be conveyed by means of a signature policy. Standardization work has highlighted signature policies as a significant element to leverage trust in electronic commerce transactions that make use of electronic signatures. Summing up technological, organizational and legal concerns, this chapter addresses issues related to the content, form and function of signature policies within a transaction context.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document