Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.

Development of Data Logger Separator for Bio-Logging of Wild Seabirds

The bio-logging technique is extensively used in the fields of ecology and ethology, wherein a data logger, such as a sensor or camera, is attached to the target animal’s body to collect the required data. In this method, the efficiency of recovery of the data logger is not ideal. In this study, we proposed a new recovery method, with the aim of addressing the aforementioned problem in bio-logging. The authors previously fabricated a data-logger separator, which weighed approximately 10 g, and was targeted at small seabirds. Because there were some problems associated with the circuit board and the separation performance of this device, we modified the device to overcome the previous drawbacks. We fabricated a flexible printed circuit to improve the operation of the mounted actuator and wireless microcomputer, and improve the efficiency of the fabrication process. We conducted an experiment to determine the proper length and position at which the actuator is attached, in order to achieve a stable motion. We thus fabricated a new prototype with these improvements and performed an operational test at low temperatures from a particular distance, simulating actual usage in a natural environment. The results demonstrated that separation occurred without failure, thus indicating that the separator can be efficiently used in practical environment.

Light Inextensible Strings (Thread) Under Tension in the Schwarzschild Geometry

Light inextensible string under tension is a stalwart feature of elementary physics. Here I show how considering such a string in the vicinity of a black hole, with the help of computer algebra systems, can generate insight into the Schwarzschild geometry in the context of an undergraduate homework problem. Light taut strings minimize their proper length, given by integrating the spatial component of the Schwarzschild metric along the string. The path itself is given by straightforward numerical solution to the Euler–Lagrange equations. If the string is entirely outside the event horizon, its closest approach to the singularity is tangential. At this point the string is visibly curved, surely a memorable and informative insight. The geometry of the Schwarzschild metric induces some interesting nonlocal phenomena: if the distance of closest approach is less than about [Formula: see text], the string self-intersects, even though it is everywhere under tension. Light taut strings furnish a third interpretation of the concept “straight line”, the other two being null geodesics and free-fall world lines. All the software used is available under the GPL.1

Black holes and the swampland: the deep throat revelations

Multi-centered bubbling solutions are black hole microstate geometries that arise as smooth solutions of 5-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 Supergravity. When these solutions reach the scaling limit, their resulting geometries develop an infinitely deep throat and look arbitrarily close to a black hole geometry. We depict a connection between the scaling limit in the moduli space of Microstate Geometries and the Swampland Distance Conjecture. The naive extension of the Distance Conjecture implies that the distance in moduli space between a reference point and a point approaching the scaling limit is set by the proper length of the throat as it approaches the scaling limit. Independently, we also compute a distance in the moduli space of 3-centre solutions, from the Kähler structure of its phase space using quiver quantum mechanics. We show that the two computations of the distance in moduli space do not agree and comment on the physical implications of this mismatch.

Motor control and olfaction – Influence of pleasant and disgusting odors on the Adaptive Force

The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces. The aim was to measure the effects of different olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odors. The reaction force and the position of the tested limb were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations with disgusting odor compared to pleasant or neutral odors (p < 0.001). The AF seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length-tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase under isometric conditions.

On the Nature of Sleep

Chapters 19 and 19A contain a short description of the nature and function of sleep (xwāb). The chapters describe the creation of sleep and its appearance. They also proscribe the proper length of sleep as three or four recitations of one of the central Zoroastrian prayers.

SENTENCE LENGTH

Writers usually exert many efforts in writing sentences with the proper length. Some of them stick to short sentences, which can make their writing looks choppy. Others like to write with long sentences, which can make the writing seems long-winded or wordy, even if it is not. In English language, the length of a sentence refers to how many words are there in that sentence. In almost all formulas, this number is used to estimate how much the sentence is difficult. Still, sometimes, a short sentence shows more difficulty to be read than a long one. Sometimes, longer sentences lead to facilitate comprehension, especially those that contain coordinate structures. This study discusses the basic grammatical notion of sentence, and its length from different points of view. Innumerable definitions of sentence exist and some of these are presented here to get a workable definition to this key term. A definition of sentence length is also presented. Different treatments of the so called sentence length are to be discussed . The various techniques , that have been devised to deal with the sentence in different types of texts as to get better writings, are accounted for in this study . These points are discussed to reach the end , i.e. the conclusion of good sentence length .

Prediction Model of Soleus Muscle Depth Based on Anthropometric Features: Potential Applications for Dry Needling

This study was conducted to investigate if anthropometric features can predict the depth of the soleus muscle, as assessed with ultrasound imaging, in a sample of healthy individuals to assist clinicians in the application of dry needling. A diagnostic study to calculate the accuracy of a prediction model for soleus muscle depth, as assessed with ultrasonography, in the middle-third and distal-third of the calf, based on anthropometric features such as age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), calf length, mid-third and distal-third calf girth, was conducted on 48 asymptomatic healthy subjects (75% male) involving a total of 96 calves. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine which variables contributed significantly to the variance in the soleus muscle depth at middle-third and distal-third of the calf by gender. Women were found to have a deeper soleus muscle than men (p < 0.001). Weight, height, BMI, and mid-third calf perimeter explained 69.9% of variance in men, whereas mid-third calf perimeter, calf length, height, and distal-third calf girth explained 73% of the variance in women of the distal-third soleus depth (p < 0.001). Additionally, mid-third calf girth and calf length explained 28.8% of variance in men, whereas mid-third calf perimeter, calf length, and weight explained 67.8% of variance in women of the mid-third soleus depth (p < 0.001). This study identified anthropometric features that predict soleus muscle depth, as assessed with ultrasound, in asymptomatic individuals, but these features are different in men and women. Our findings could assist clinicians in choosing the proper length of the needle to avoiding passing through the soleus during dry needling.

Structure parameter optimization and bearing limit analysis of the expansion unit of three-roller tube expander

The critical technical issues for the structure design of three-roller tube expander were first studied and analysed in this paper. Then, the major design parameters of the expansion unit structure and the bearing limit of 12¼″ three-roller tube expander were optimized and investigated by finite-element numerical simulation method. Results from study show that the required expansion force increases when the taper angle of the roller outer surface gets larger, taking the axial expansion force as the quantitative indicators. It is suggested that the roller tape angle of the expansion unit should be in the range of 9–12° considering the proper length of the roller and the non-self-locking tube expansion process. The required expansion force of the bellows first decreases and then increases when the gauge length of the expansion unit becomes longer. The optimal value of the gauge length is 50 mm considering the proper length of the roller. And according to the numerical simulation results, the designed three-roller tube expander meets the strength requirements. The results of this study are of great significance to the expend bellows drilling technology.