Policy-Driven Signing Frameworks in Open Electronic Transactions

2011 ◽  
pp. 114-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mitrakas
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Significant Element ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Transaction Context

Electronically signed transactions typically associate the applied electronic signature with the signed data and implicitly with the terms and conditions related to the scope of the performed transaction. Some aspects of the association between an electronic signature and the transaction can be conveyed by means of a signature policy. Signature policies are a set of rules for the creation and validation of an electronic signature, under which an electronic signature can be determined to be valid. This chapter suggest however, that additional transaction constraints might be conveyed by means of a signature policy. Standardization work has highlighted signature policies as a significant element to leverage trust in electronic commerce transactions that make use of electronic signatures. Summing up technological, organizational and legal concerns, this chapter addresses issues related to the content, form and function of signature policies within a transaction context.

Taking a stance and getting on with it: the form and function of the Finnish finite clausal extraposition construction

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritva Laury
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Sequential Design ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Grammatical Construction ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ordinary Conversation ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis paper concerns a particular grammatical construction, extraposition, and its use for assessments at points of transition between activities and topics by speakers of Finnish in ordinary conversation. A basic assumption taken here is that “recurrent clausal constructions of a language are social action formats for that language” (Thompson 2006), and that grammatical constructions such as clause types are learned and therefore routinized responses to certain types of interactional contingencies, and, at the same time, emergent from the current local context (Hopper 1987; Helasvuo 2001).The paper combines the two central perspectives developed in this issue, sequential design and dialogicality, with the study of grammar-in-interaction. It shows that the grammatical form of the Finnish extraposition construction emerges from its use by speakers for the creation of intersubjectivity through reproduction of prior talk and for the projection of stance taking to follow.

Creating and Augmenting Keyboards for Extended Reality with the K eyboard A ugmentation T oolkit

2022 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Mark McGill ◽  
Stephen Brewster ◽  
Daniel Pires De Sa Medeiros ◽  
Sidney Bovet ◽  
Mario Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Text Entry ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Virtual Keyboard ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the Keyboard Augmentation Toolkit (KAT), which supports the creation of virtual keyboards that can be used both for standalone input (e.g., for mid-air text entry) and to augment physically tracked keyboards/surfaces in mixed reality. In a user study, we firstly examine the impact and pitfalls of visualising shortcuts on a tracked physical keyboard, exploring the utility of virtual per-keycap displays. Supported by this and other recent developments in XR keyboard research, we then describe the design, development, and evaluation-by-demonstration of KAT. KAT simplifies the creation of virtual keyboards (optionally bound to a tracked physical keyboard) that support enhanced display —2D/3D per-key content that conforms to the virtual key bounds; enhanced interactivity —supporting extensible per-key states such as tap, dwell, touch, swipe; flexible keyboard mappings that can encapsulate groups of interaction and display elements, e.g., enabling application-dependent interactions; and flexible layouts —allowing the virtual keyboard to merge with and augment a physical keyboard, or switch to an alternate layout (e.g., mid-air) based on need. Through these features, KAT will assist researchers in the prototyping, creation and replication of XR keyboard experiences, fundamentally altering the keyboard’s form and function.

The role of the house in early Neolithic Ireland

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 229-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neolithic Ireland

The focus of this article is the use and abandonment of the rectangular timber buildings of the Irish early Neolithic, a period that corresponds roughly with the first half of the fourth millennium cal BC. While they do not represent the only remains of occupation at this time, the fact that they display a striking degree of homogeneity of size, shape and materials makes them an especially interesting part of settlement activity on the island. One particular feature of this patterning is the frequency with which early Neolithic timber buildings have been substantially or completely destroyed by fire. It will be argued below that this burning was deliberate and played an important role in the lifecycle – the creation, maintenance and destruction – of these buildings. To provide a context for this discussion, a more in-depth look will be taken at these distinctive buildings and at their form and function.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.I. Solovyanenko
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Priority Method

The article is devoted to the legal problems of using documents signed with electronic signatures in electronic commerce. The article considers the different legal regime of electronic documents depending on the type of electronic signature. Legal features of a qualified electronic signature are analyzed. The legal status of a certification service provider and its legal functions in e-commerce are examined. The conclusion is made about the recognition of electronic documents as a priority method of legal interaction in the field of electronic commerce and the complication of the legal construction of an electronic signature.

scholarly journals Advanced Biometric Electronic Signature in Practice - Lessons for the Public Administration from a Hungarian Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 407-418
Author(s):  
Péter Máté Erdὄsi
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Hungarian Case ◽  
High Level

Signing documents is one of the most general requirements in our daily lives, including routines in Public Administration. After significant development of e-Administration, the question arose as to how the clients can sign documents electronically. The European Union legislated this question by the Regulation (EU) No. 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC. This Regulation (henceforward: eIDAS) gives a technologyneutral and high-level framework for using electronic signatures in the EU, it refers several implementing acts and standards, records applicable concepts and definitions, and declares several obligations for all Member States. The Regulation does not contain strong provisions for advanced electronic signature, but it defines four requirements for it. All electronic signatures which fulfil these four requirements have to be considered as advanced electronic signatures. In most of the cases, creating an advanced signature is easier and more cost-effective than creating a qualified signature, therefore it may be an alternative solution for signing documents in Public Administration also. This paper intends to summarize the relating legal environment and it demonstrates an implemented solution of advanced biometric signature in the private sector. Finally, we discuss the technical conditions of the applicability of advanced biometric electronic signature in Public Administration by discovering similarities and differences of application and acceptability.

scholarly journals Applications Addressed to the Suceava County Courts in Digital Format

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-223
Author(s):  
Răzvan VIORESCU ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
County Courts

Currently, the legal framework on electronic signatures is represented by EU Regulation no. 910/2014 on electronic identification and reliable services for electronic transactions on the internal market, Law no. 455/2001 regarding the electronic signature completed by GEO no. 39/2020 and, finally, GEO no. 38/2020.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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