The Afterlife of a Tribunal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Orentlicher
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
German Society ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
The Past ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Local Impact

The span of an international tribunal’s local impact is not the same as its operational life, as Germany’s evolved relationship with Nuremberg highlights. Recognizing that the ICTY’s impact in Bosnia and Serbia will continue to evolve after the Tribunal ends its work, this chapter considers the Tribunal’s future impact, focusing in particular on its potential to stimulate a future reckoning with Serbia’s wartime past. While recognizing myriad differences between post-Milošević Serbia and postwar Germany, this chapter explores factors behind the latter’s eventual emergence as a “model penitent” long after German society rejected the moral message the Allies hoped Nuremberg would impart. It suggests that, after an extended period of “transitional denial,” Nuremberg may have contributed to Germany’s far-reaching reckoning with the past through a process of delayed norm diffusion.

The Politics of Memory: Rededicating Two Historical Monuments in Postwar Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-280
Author(s):  
Sam A. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Coffee Table

For much of the past two centuries German governments encouraged or even sponsored the construction of war monuments. By the turn of the twentieth century Germany was covered in more than a thousand such shrines, most of which had local or regional significance as places of annual celebration or commemoration. Government, media, and business all contributed to an elaborate hagiography of Germany's battles, war heroes, and martyrs, with monuments usually serving as the centerpieces. Millions of middle-class Germans attended or participated in commemoration ceremonies at war monuments all over the country, and/or filled their homes with souvenir trinkets, tableware, wall decorations, coffee-table books, and other quotidian items that reproduced images of the monuments or scenes from the events they memorialized.

Religion and the Search For Meaning, 1945–1990

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ziemann
Keyword(s):  
German Society ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Search For Meaning ◽  
World War ◽  
Nazi Regime ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
International Authority ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Second World

This article encapsulates some of the problems that rampaged Germany apart from politics. The ongoing relevance of religion in the search for meaning in postwar Germany, amidst growing discontent with the churches as organized bodies and their professional representatives; the ways in which their lack of resistance against the anti-Jewish policies of the Nazi regime haunted the Christian churches after 1945. Amidst the rubble of the society of the immediate postwar period, bishops, priests, and theologians of both Christian churches agreed that a rebuilding of the moral and political order could only succeed through a reaffirmation of Christian values. Rebuilding the moral compass and the international authority of the Germans would, hence, require a rechristianization of society. Statistics showing that people rejoined the churches in droves seemed to support these claims for a rechristianization of German society. This article analyses the culmination of religions within the German society post Second World War.

scholarly journals The Optimization of Energy Recovery Device Sizes and Locations in Municipal Water Distribution Systems during Extended-Period Simulation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2447
Author(s):  
Gideon Johannes Bonthuys ◽  
Marco van Dijk ◽  
Giovanna Cavazzini
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Leakage Reduction ◽  
The Past

Excess pressure within water distribution systems not only increases the risk for water losses through leakages but provides the potential for harnessing excess energy through the installation of energy recovery devices, such as turbines or pump-as-turbines. The effect of pressure management on leakage reduction in a system has been well documented, and the potential for pressure management through energy recovery devices has seen a growth in popularity over the past decade. Over the past 2 years, the effect of energy recovery on leakage reduction has started to enter the conversation. With the theoretical potential known, researchers have started to focus on the location of energy recovery devices within water supply and distribution systems and the optimization thereof in terms of specific installation objectives. Due to the instrumental role that both the operating pressure and flow rate plays on both leakage and potential energy, daily variation and fluctuations of these parameters have great influence on the potential energy recovery and subsequent leakage reduction within a water distribution system. This paper presents an enhanced optimization procedure, which incorporates user-defined weighted importance of specific objectives and extended-period simulations into a genetic algorithm, to identify the optimum size and location of potential installations for energy recovery and leakage reduction. The proposed procedure proved to be effective in identifying more cost-effective and realistic solutions when compared to the procedure proposed in the literature.

The National People's Army as an Object of (Non) Remembrance: The Place of East Germany's Military Heritage in Unified Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
German Society ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
East German ◽  
Examination Process

On 3 October 1990, the National People's Army (NVA) of the German Democratic Republic, in which about 2.5 million East German citizens served their country, was dissolved. Its personnel either was removed from military service, placed into early retirement, or integrated into the Bundeswehr after a two-year selection and examination process. Since then, the NVA has turned into an object of history with no immediate significance for contemporary German society—despite efforts of former NVA officers to change the official interpretation of 1989-1990. This article examines the processes of remembering and forgetting with regard to East Germany's military heritage since 1990, contrasting the Bundeswehr's politics of memory and “army of unity” ethos not only with the former NVA soldiers' vision of the past, but also with the East German population's general attitude towards their former armed forces.

One point of view: Lab Oratory and the generalization gap

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 545-546
Author(s):  
Alan R. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
The Past

During the past year a number of books have been published that make a strong case fo r the use of a laboratory approach for teaching mathematics. Numerous a rticles in both profession al and lay magazines have advocated a laboratory orientation. Compa rison of NCTM convention programs of today with those of even four years ago indicates a significantly greater interest in activity-based instruc tion. This heightened advocacy is good and appropriate, following on the heels of an extended period of curricul ar revision that emphasized the symbolic and the abstract.

scholarly journals Continuity of care in serious mental illness

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Abbati ◽  
Greg Oles
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Continuity Of Care ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Professional Involvement ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
The Individual

It has been claimed (Abbati et al, 1987) that patients benefit from continuity of professional involvement sustained over a long period. Schizophrenia sufferers in particular find it harder than non-sufferers to articulate their difficulties and concerns, and may adjust poorly to change, only building up trust in professionals over an extended period. In their turn, professionals need time to get to know such individuals and to recognise ‘early signs’ (Birchwood et al, 1989) of possible relapse. Management of potential decompensation involves a knowledge of how the individual has responded to changes in medication in the past and what psychosocial factors may be relevant. Working with such patients refines the clinician's skills in interacting with them, obtaining their compliance with a particular regime, and pre-empting potential problems. Without this background of knowledge and experience, the management of sufferers may be crude with adverse results for the patient.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Evaluation of PM10 Concentrations within the Greater Athens Area, Greece. Trends, Variability and Analysis of a 19 Years Data Series

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Konstantinos P. Moustris ◽  
Ermioni Petraki ◽  
Kleopatra Ntourou ◽  
Georgios Priniotakis ◽  
Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Data Series ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Athens Area ◽  
Daily Pm10

This work investigates the spatiotemporal variation of suspended particles with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10) during a nineteen years period. Mean daily PM10 concentrations between 2001 and 2018, from five monitoring stations within the greater Athens area (GAA) are used. The aim is to investigate the impact of the economic crisis and the actions taken by the Greek state over the past decade on the distribution of PM10 within the GAA. Seasonality, intraweek, intraday and spatial variations of the PM10 concentrations as well as trends of data, are statistically studied. The work may assist the formation of PM10 forecasting models of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and annual horizon. Innovations are alternative ways of statistical treatment and the extended period of data, which, importantly, includes major economic and social events for the GAA. Significant decreasing trend in PM10 series concentrations at all examined stations were found. This may be due to economic and social reasons but also due to measures taken by the state so as to be harmonised with the European Directives concerning the protection of public health and the atmospheric environment of the European Union (EU) members.

scholarly journals Pronunciation assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talia Isaacs ◽  
Luke Harding
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Disciplinary Identity ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
L2 Pronunciation

After an extended period of being on the periphery, numerous advancements in the field of second language (L2) pronunciation over the past decade have led to increased activity and visibility for this subfield within applied linguistics research. As Derwing (2010) underscored in her 2009 plenary at the first annual Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT) conference, a record number of graduate students researching L2 pronunciation and subsequently launching into academic positions at international universities assures L2 pronunciation a bright future in research and teacher training. Other indicators of momentum include the focus of a Language Teaching timeline on the topic of pronunciation (Munro & Derwing 2011), the appearance of multiple encyclopedia volumes or handbooks of pronunciation (e.g. Levis & Munro 2013; Reed & Levis 2015), and the establishment of the specialized Journal of Second Language Pronunciation in 2015, which constitutes a milestone in the professionalization of the field and ‘an essential step toward a disciplinary identity’ (Levis 2015: 1).

The Suez Canal Dispute: A Case Study in Peaceful Settlement

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Nations System

If the United Nations system is to outlaw the unilateral use of force, except in cases of self-defense, it is clear that some provision must be made for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for peaceful change. In the past, peacekeeping operations have often succeeded in restoring a fragile peace. Yet collective actionall too frequently has been limited to a restoration of the status quo ante. Indeed, states have usuallyfailed to accept any collective responsibility to deal with the grievances that initially led to the outbreak of hostilities. If peace is to be maintained over any extended period of time, peacekeeping operations must not, asAmbassador Arthur J. Goldberg recently warned, “be a sofa to provide a comfortable respite from efforts atpeaceful settlement” but instead should “be a springboard for accelerated efforts to eliminate the root causes of conflict.”

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