scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Evaluation of PM10 Concentrations within the Greater Athens Area, Greece. Trends, Variability and Analysis of a 19 Years Data Series

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Konstantinos P. Moustris ◽  
Ermioni Petraki ◽  
Kleopatra Ntourou ◽  
Georgios Priniotakis ◽  
Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Data Series ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Athens Area ◽  
Daily Pm10

This work investigates the spatiotemporal variation of suspended particles with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10) during a nineteen years period. Mean daily PM10 concentrations between 2001 and 2018, from five monitoring stations within the greater Athens area (GAA) are used. The aim is to investigate the impact of the economic crisis and the actions taken by the Greek state over the past decade on the distribution of PM10 within the GAA. Seasonality, intraweek, intraday and spatial variations of the PM10 concentrations as well as trends of data, are statistically studied. The work may assist the formation of PM10 forecasting models of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and annual horizon. Innovations are alternative ways of statistical treatment and the extended period of data, which, importantly, includes major economic and social events for the GAA. Significant decreasing trend in PM10 series concentrations at all examined stations were found. This may be due to economic and social reasons but also due to measures taken by the state so as to be harmonised with the European Directives concerning the protection of public health and the atmospheric environment of the European Union (EU) members.

scholarly journals Pandemics and Tax Innovations: What can we Learn from History?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-297
Author(s):  
A. I. Pogorletskiy ◽  
◽  
F. Söllner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tax Regulation

In this article, we shall see how pandemics of deadly diseases have changed tax systems over the past two millennia, each time leading to the emergence of new forms of taxation and tax administration. The purpose of the article is to prove that pandemics and the most notable innovations in tax policy are closely interrelated and that the consequences of the largest pandemics in the history of mankind are new approaches to the organization of national tax systems as well as the formation of interstate tax regulation. The lessons from history can be applied to the current corona crisis and may help us devise the appropriate anti-crisis tax policy. The study is based on the historical empirical-inductive method applied to reliable facts of the past related to pandemics and taxation. We trace the evolution of tax policy under the impact of the most significant pandemics and identify patterns of taxation and tax administration that are specific to their eras and are still relevant in the course of the pandemic COVID-19. Our analysis allows us to draw the following conclusions: (1) There is a historical link between pandemics and tax regulation. Many tax innovations originated in response to the consequences of large-scale epidemics of deadly diseases. (2) Many of the tax incentive tools used today in the fight against the corona crisis have already been used during previous pandemics so that we may learn from the experience of earlier times. (3) The COVID-19 pandemic can be expected to have several important consequences for taxation and public finance: innovations in tax administration with an emphasis on remote fiscal audits and digital control; innovations in the taxation of digital companies and their operations at the national and international level; possibly fundamental changes in the tax system of the European Union; and possibly a return of the inflation tax.

Historical reconstruction of the earth's past atmospheric environment from Greenland and Antarctic snow and ice cores

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude F. Boutron
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antarctic Snow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Snow And Ice

During the past decades, the investigation of various elements, species, and isotopes in the frozen atmospheric archives stored in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps for several hundred thousand years has provided a wealth of fascinating information on past and recent changes in the atmospheric environment of our planet. After a brief description of the Antarctic and Greenland ice caps, we give an overview of the procedures that are used in the field for collecting snow and ice from the surface down to great depths. We discuss the techniques used to date and analyse the samples. The main results obtained to date are then presented, with special emphasis on the very recent. The analysis of the snow and ice layers deposited during the past few centuries, especially since the Industrial Revolution, has allowed us to assess clearly the impact human activity has had on the atmosphere, for important constituents such as heavy metals, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, greenhouse gases, carbon and organic compounds, and artificial radionuclides. The analysis of ancient ice up to several hundred thousand years old has provided unique insight on the past natural changes that affected our atmosphere during glacial–interglacial transitions, especially the temperature, greenhouse gases, soil- and sea-derived aerosols, and heavy metals.Key words: Greenland, Antarctica, ice, global pollution, climate change, heavy metals.

Ograniczenia niezależności politycznej polskich organów regulacyjnych w świetle prawa unijnego

2014 ◽  
pp. 53-84
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Rokita
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Consumer ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Impact

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the so-called Vienna Convention, CISG) is considered one of the most important and influential private law acts of the past decades. The most compelling evidence of the impact of the CISG is the European private law. It is especially evident in case of consumer sales law of the European Union. The Consumer Sales Directive (99/44) and, to some extent, even the Directive on Consumer Rights (2011/83/EC) were based on principles and institutions derived from the CISG. The most important influences are of course the objective liability of a debtor and the institution of conformity of the goods; however, even the basic terms (such as “conformity of goods” and “non-conformity of goods”) are defined per analogiam. And even though European legislator did not borrow from the CISG its’ concept of the fundamental breach of contract, the further cases of CISG’s impact are seen in cases of Nachfrist and remedies available to the parties of a contract. Since European consumer sales law is one of the most important spheres of EU interests and influences national civil law systems, CISG may easily be described as the model and backbone of future private law harmonization.

scholarly journals Exploring Race Hate Crime Reporting in Wales Following Brexit

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Cuerden ◽  
Colin Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

 Most countries consist of many diverse races and cultures, based on historical political decisions, wars or economic changes. Throughout Europe over the past decades the policy of free movement for work as part of the EU agreements has encouraged this activity. Indeed this has been a fundamental idea behind the European Union ever since its inception. However, what can the consequences be for those individuals who, encouraged by such policies, find themselves located in a country which has decided to no longer be part of that system? In particular what impact does this decision appear to have on the way those considered to be “racially different” are treated by others? This article explores the impact the recent decision by Great Britain took to leave the EU (so called Brexit) and its impact upon the number of racially recorded hate crimes in Wales. Using examples from terrorist incidents in Europe, along with the Brexit result, as examples, it provides clear evidence that when certain incidents occur in wider society, there is an impact upon the way in which so called non-indigenous people are treated, which results in an increase in criminality. These results will have resonance for other countries with a mixed population, as well as having implications for those agencies involved in the protection and safety of all inhabitants in their country.

scholarly journals The Good Neighbourliness Principle in Relations Between the European Union and its Eastern European Neighbours

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Kalicka-Mikołajczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mutual Tolerance ◽  
The Impact

The good neighbourliness principle is one of the most important principles in interna-tional law which designates a model of peaceful cooperation and mutual tolerance among neighbouring states. Its violation in the past, however, very often led to military conflicts and many international disputes and may lead to serious disputes among neighbouring states in the future. Thus, the good neighbourliness principle has a clear legal value54. This article analyses the good neighbourliness principle as a key principle that obligates neighbouring states to develop and to maintain peaceful interstate relations. The focus is twofold: firstly, on the scope, content and nature of the good neighbourliness principle in international law and secondly, on the impact of the good neighbourliness princi-ple on the relations between the European Union and its Eastern Neighbours within the framework of the neighbourhood policy and the enlargement policy.

scholarly journals A review of the tendencies and challenges in the European Union labour market

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Imola Cseh Papp ◽  
Norbert Bozsik ◽  
Erika Varga
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Shortage ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The paper presents the phenomenon of the past decade (2008-2018) that shaped the labour market all over Europe and also points out the differences lying beneath with the changes generated in the post-crisis period. In the context of this study this literature review is intended to provide a theoretical background for the development of a piece of research revealing the new labour market phenomena. Design/methodology/approach – The study first examines theoretical frameworks, solutions, and their practical operation through international experience. Findings – The economic crisis, initially of financial nature, had its percussions felt on the state budget and went on to real economy. Its consequences were also felt on the labour market. According to global experience, modern economies and societies are facing several challenges including unemployment, labour shortage and underemployment at the same time, in spite of the fact that the level of employment has significantly been rising in the past few years. Research limitations/implications – We applied an abductive approach. The reconstruction of past events is based on abduction, as we can deduce the events from their consequences and impacts on the present. Practical implications – Both unemployment, labor shortages and underemployment result in unfavorable economic conditions in a country. It is of utmost importance to effectively address these phenomena in order to reduce and control their negative effects. Originality/Value – Our study deals with the impact of employment on the labour market, the three key phenomena of the labor market: labour shortages, chnages in underemployment and international migration (labour migration) in European Union countries. Analysis is needed because conscious economic policy begins timely preparations for these changes. Keywords: job vacancy, labour market, labour shortage, migration, underemployment Research type (choose one): research paper JEL classification: J24, J62

scholarly journals Differentiation of the Athens Fine PM Profile during Economic Recession (March of 2008 Versus March of 2013): Impact of Changes in Anthropogenic Emissions and the Associated Health Effect

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Styliani Pateraki ◽  
Kyriaki-Maria Fameli ◽  
Vasiliki Assimakopoulos ◽  
Kyriaki Bairachtari ◽  
Alexandros Zagkos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Anthropogenic Contribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Athens Area ◽  
Quality Indexes

Despite the various reduction policies that have been implemented across Europe in the past few years, Particulate Matter (PM) exceedances continue to be recorded. Therefore, with the principal aim to clarify the complex association between emissions and fine particles levels, this work evaluates the impact of the anthropogenic contribution to the fine PM chemical profile. The fieldwork was conducted during March in 2008 and 2013 and covers the periods before and during the economic recession. The experimental data were analyzed in parallel with the emissions from the Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA). The differentiation of the mass closure results’ and the aerosols’ character is also discussed in combination with the calculated PM2.5-Air Quality Indexes. The peak in the PM load and the Particulate Organic Matter (POM) component was recorded in 2013, corresponding to the enhancement of the anthropogenic input. Although the monitoring location is traffic-impacted, the sector of heating, from both wood burning and fossil fuel, proved to be the driving force for the configuration of the obtained PM picture. Especially in 2013, its contribution was two times that of traffic. Finally, the low wind speed values led to the deterioration of the air quality, especially for the sensitive groups.

scholarly journals Education for active goodness

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Pavel Vacek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Moral Feeling ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The present paper focuses on the interconnection and the impact of broader social events responsible for shaping the character of the young in the context of developments in both post-communist countries and the European Union as a whole. The attention of the paper is devoted to the changing perceptions of liberty in relation to a high standard of living in European countries and the need to promote moral education comprehensively, with regard to having a balanced impact on the development of moral knowing and moral feeling. Further, the paper offers an analysis of dimensions that determine moral actions and character accents, considered to be essential to convey in order to encourage the moral development of pupils. Finally, the paper ends with a presentation of the conditions that should help the ethical development of active goodness in the young generation.

L'Europa Cinquanta Anni Dopo

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Mario Patrono
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the author offers a few reflections on the long journey of the European continent from an economic community built against the backdrop of war towards a legal construct expanding both geographically towards Eastern Europe and substantively in search of greater legal and political integration. From its humble beginnings in the 1950s to its latest round of enlargement in 2007, the article surveys the principal legal instruments and political initiatives developed by the European Community and addresses its achievements as well as its failures. The legal and political struggles related to the attempts of European Union leaders to favour greater integration are also discussed. The article then assesses the impact of the past 50 years on the European citizens before examining the role of the European Union on the global stage. In this age of globalisation and technological advances, the challenges facing the European Union remain significant; they must be tackled decisively. 

Talk the talk, or walk the walk? Changing narratives in Europeanization research

Südosteuropa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timofey Agarin ◽  
Gözde Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
The Eu

AbstractOver the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in Europeanization, both within and beyond the European Union (EU). The impact of Eastern enlargement in 2004 on candidate and neighbourhood countries has attracted scholarly attention, and a consensus currently exists on the success of the EU’s transformative power through the employment of a conditionality mechanism. However, the limits of EU conditionality upon candidate countries and neighbourhood Europeanization, in addition to the problems experienced by the EU itself, have brought into question whether the end of Europeanization research is in sight. Considering this, we critically evaluate the issues discussed in the scholarship on Europeanization and review several points of interest in relation to EU candidate countries in the Western Balkans as well as Turkey.

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