Stotra Literature

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-64
Author(s):  
Hamsa Stainton
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Early History ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter presents an overview and analysis of stotra literature in South Asia from three different angles: definition, classification, and history. It first reviews recent descriptions of the stotra genre and offers a working definition for the present study. Then it considers some of the factors that can be used to classify and analyze this voluminous and diverse corpus. In doing so, it highlights many of the most salient and recurring features of stotra literature overall. Finally, it surveys the history of stotra literature in South Asia, highlighting key texts, authors, and periods of development, such as the relationship between stotras and Vedic hymns, political eulogies (praśasti), and vernacular devotional (bhakti) poetry, the early history of Buddhist and Jain stotras, and hymns by or attributed to famous authors like Śaṅkara. Overall, the chapter highlights the diversity, flexibility, and persistent appeal of stotra literature across regions and traditions over the millennia.

Old Hispanic Chant and the Early History of Plainsong

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Maloy
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Liturgical Chant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biblical Sources ◽  
Old Roman

Given the fragmentary evidence about the emergence of Western plainsong, scholars have not reached a consensus about how early liturgical chant was transformed into fully formed Medieval repertories. Proposed explanations have centered on the Roman liturgy and its two chant dialects, Gregorian and Old Roman. The Old Hispanic (or Mozarabic) chant can yield new insights into how and why the creators of early repertories selected and altered biblical texts, set them to specific kinds of music, and assigned them to festivals. I explore these questions from the perspective of the Old Hispanic sacrificia, or offertory chants. Specific traditions of Iberian biblical exegesis were central to the meaning and formation of these chants, guiding their compilers’ choice and alteration of biblical sources. Their textual characteristics and liturgical structure call for a reassessment of the theories that have been proposed about the origins of Roman chant. Although the sacrificia exhibit ample signs of liturgical planning, such as thematically proper chants with unique liturgical assignments, the processes that produced this repertory were both less linear and more varied than those envisaged for Roman chant. Finally, the sacrificia shed new light on the relationship between words and music in pre-Carolingian chant, showing that the cantors shaped the melodies according to textual syntax and meaning.

Antislavery on a Slave Coast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padraic X. Scanlan
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Early History ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Before the abolition of the slave trade in the British empire in 1807, colonial Sierra Leone was an experiment in free trade and free labour, founded by the Sierra Leone Company, a joint-stock company led by antislavery activists, and settled by African American Loyalists from Nova Scotia. This chapter explores the early history of the colony, and shows how antislavery was undermined by the routines of the transatlantic slave trade. Meanwhile, African American settlers were marginalised, and the arrival of 500 Jamaican Maroons in 1800 helped to cement the relationship between the leaders of the antislavery movement and the British armed forces.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF OXYGEN USE FOR PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Early History ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Thus, by the end of 1948, belief in the value of oxygen therapy was universal. The newborn infant was thought to be more resistant to higher pressures of oxygen than the adult, and oxygen was accepted as being generally beneficial to the premature infant. Pediatricians concerned with mortality, neurological deficits such as cerebral diplegia and mental retardation, or with cyanotic attacks and apnea had a firm rationale for their strong emphasis on prompt and vigorous oxygen therapy as a major advance in the care of premature infants. Better incubators and piped-in oxygen in the new premature centers permitted better care after World War II. The relationship between RLF and oxygen therapy was neither known nor suspected.

The King and the People

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kaicker
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
South Asia ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

An unprecedented exploration of the relationship between the Mughal emperor and his subjects in the space of the Mughal empire’s capital, The King and The People overturns an axiomatic assumption in the history of premodern South Asia: that the urban masses were merely passive objects of rule and remained unable to express collective political aspirations until the coming of colonialism. Set in the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad (Delhi) from its founding to Nadir Shah’s devastating invasion of 1739, this book instead shows how the trends and events in the second half of the seventeenth century inadvertently set the stage for the emergence of the people as actors in a regime which saw them only as the ruled.

FROM LAW TO DHARMA: STATE LAW AND SACRED DUTY IN ANCIENT INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark McClish
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Early History ◽  
State Courts ◽  
State Law ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Origins ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe legal treatises of ancient India, called Dharmaśāstras, are often read as records of the initial emergence of law from religion in South Asia. The Dharmaśāstras teach the dharma, or “sacred duty,” of different members of society. It is one of the dharmas of the king to adjudicate disputes that come before his courts, and it is widely accepted that a need to articulate the king's dharma led the composers of the Dharmaśāstras over time to fashion rules for state courts, a body of law called vyavahāra. Scholars such as Henry Sumner Maine and Max Weber saw in the Dharmaśāstras evidence of the disentanglement and rationalization of law, respectively. A close examination of our sources, however, shows that the law of royal courts emerged not within the Dharmaśāstra tradition, but within an adjacent and decidedly more secular tradition of statecraft. It was gradually absorbed into Dharmaśāstra texts, where it was reconfigured as sacred duty and its historical origins were obscured. This article argues that the early history of state law in India is best described, therefore, not as a transition from dharma to law, but as a transition from law to dharma.

scholarly journals Traditions of transgressive sacrality (against blasphemy) in Hinduism

1970 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 1-162
Author(s):  
Claus Peter Zoller
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Early History ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
North India ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
The Core ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Abrahamic Religions

The following essay pursues the question whether a possible non-singular immigration-encounter-event between speakers of dialects of Indo-Aryan and (as maintained in this essay) speakers of dialects of Austro-Asiatic (mostly Munda) have not only left marks in the linguistic history of Indo-Aryan (analyzed in Zoller forthcoming), but also in the cultural and political history of North India. My argumentation will follow several lines of nested arguments, but the most general is this: Whereas in the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Islam a combination of proclivity for expansionism plus proclivity for religious violence have led to a virtual eradication or at least a subjugation of infidel traditions in the core areas of their religious/political powers (i.e. Europe and Middle East), this venture was less successful in case of South Asia. Thus the most salient aspect of this historical contingency is the fact that cultural historians – but also historical linguists – can see much deeper and much more unimpeded into the prehistory and early history both of the Indo-Aryan and the non-Indo-Aryan (= mainly Austro-Asiatic) North Indian world. The opposition between Abrahamic monotheists and Hindu ‘infidels’ manifests also in the contrast between the topics of blasphemy and transgressive sacrality. The former is typically associated with Abrahamic religions, whereas there is an abundance and great variety of examples of transgressive sacrality in Hinduism.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Mohd Haizra Hashim ◽  
Abdul Mu’ati Zamri Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Pauzi Abdul Latif ◽  
Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos
Keyword(s):  
Visual Communication ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Early History ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Visual communication in architecture is a genuine aspiration in realizing the relationship between the Malays and other communities. The composition of the models in this communication is very well organized and will remain relevant to be developed from time to time. It is an observation on the symbols, types of motifs and design aspects of the carvings, also the structural elements in the Malay architecture of Negeri Sembilan. This also comprises the study of the chronology of the early history of the Malay architecture of Negeri Sembilan which has its linkages with the Islamic art. Emphasis is given to the diversity in the carving characteristics as a comparison regarding historical, cultural and environmental backgrounds. The delicacy of the craftsmanship among Malay carvers in Negeri Sembilan is reflected in their maturity and ability to fuse traditional elements and Islam. Symbols that have motifs in the carvings result from the carvers' observation and experience. The selection of these motifs is carefully made to ensure that they are the Islamic teachings and not deviating with the Islamic law. Carvings in the Malay architecture of Negeri Sembilan are also crafted with an aim to beautify a piece of architecture made of various motifs. Those carved parts are always assured to maintain the balance with the surrounding space. Floral motifs are often combined with cosmic or geometrical motifs. In many cases, plant-based motifs are also prevalence translated into carvings. This is a tribute from the Malay carvers to beauty, perfection, and harmony of nature.

Re-entangling the Thermometer: Cornelis Drebbel’s Description of his Self-regulating Oven, the Regiment of Fire, and the Early History of Temperature

Nuncius ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Keller
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A new, illustrated source, “Drebbel’s Description of his Circulating Oven,” sheds light on the thermostatic oven of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), a Dutch alchemist, engineer, and philosopher active in Holland, Zeeland, London and Prague. The “Description” survives in two German copies. It describes two new inventions, a “Judicium” (which we might call a thermometer) and a “Regimen” (which we might call a feedback control mechanism). It thus engages longstanding debates concerning the invention of the thermometer. More fundamentally, it engages the relationship of artisanality and philosophy. The “Description” highlights the entangled origins of both instruments, which emerged through combined concerns of alchemy, engineering, philosophy, and natural magic. In the early seventeenth century, the term “thermometer” indicated an object with a more expansive role than it later would. The later emergence of a distinct scientific instrument industry, separating previously entangled roles, has colored subsequent views of such instruments and their makers.

Edward I’s government and the Irish church: a neglected document from the Waterford—Lismore controversy

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (127) ◽  
pp. 423-431
Author(s):  
Richard Huscroft
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stock Of Knowledge

The union of the neighbouring episcopal sees of Lismore and Waterford on 16 June 1363 brought to an end a history of disputes and sometimes violent disagreements between the two bishoprics which had lasted for almost two centuries since the arrival of the English invaders in Ireland. The early history of this conflict, up to 1228, has already been dealt with in detail, while its conclusion, from 1325 onwards, has also been treated in outline. What happened between 1228 and 1325, however, has never been discussed, and while this note does not in any way purport to fill this gap, the document upon which it focuses, which dates from 1285, adds something to the stock of knowledge on this topic. It has been in print in summarised translation for well over a century, but it has never been published in full, analysed or put in context, and it has been quite ignored in all previous discussions of this controversy. It gives rise to some interesting questions about the relationship between the English and Irish administrations at the end of the thirteenth century, however, and about how important decisions were taken at the heart of Edward I’s government. It also casts intriguing light on a difficult time in the career of Stephen of Fulbourn, bishop of Waterford, perhaps Edward Fs most important and powerful servant in Ireland until his death in July 1288.

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