Exonerating the Wrongfully Convicted

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Justin Brooks ◽  
Desiree Moshayedi
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Death Row ◽  
Innocent People ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Innocence Project

Chapter 2 examines the critical role DNA analysis has played in exonerating the wrongfully convicted. Since the first DNA exoneration in 1988 of Gary Dotson, falsely convicted of rape in Illinois, hundreds of people have been exonerated through DNA analysis, including many who were on death row; minority groups have been disproportionately represented (approximately 70%). This chapter examines the various reasons that innocent people have been convicted, including coerced confessions and mistaken eyewitness identifications, and discusses several cases in which DNA evidence led to exoneration. It also discusses the establishment of the innocence movement, from the founding in 1983 of Centurion Ministries, an organization devoted to freeing innocent people from prison; to the formation in 1992 of the Innocence Project, which used DNA to free the innocent; to the global movement of today, in which more than 100 innocence organizations around the world work on reform and litigation.

What If It Wasn’t Kato Who Raped Diana? Representing the Yearning for Justice in As I Stood Dead Before the World: Creative Writing from Luzira Prison (2018)

Imbizo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danson Sylvester Kahyana
Keyword(s):  
Creative Writing ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Innocent People ◽  
Creative Writers ◽  
The World

The article examines how selected works in Uganda’s first anthology of prison-authored work, As I Stood Dead before the World: Creative Writing from Luzira Prison (2018), handle one of the issues of paramount importance to inmates and their families: the possibility that convictions in courts of law are not foolproof since judicial officers are human beings and therefore susceptible to error. Drawing from four examples: two poems (Jackson O’s “Letter to Aber” and Sebuuma Gadafi’s “Twenty-Years”), one short story (Rachael Pearl Orishaba’s “A Secret”), and one short play (Jennifer Janette’s “What If It Wasn’t Kato?”), I show how different inmates imagine situations where judicial officers (prosecutors and magistrates/judges) make errors of judgement that see innocent people convicted of crimes they did not commit. The article closely reads the four selected pieces with the objective of investigating how creative writers can help judicial officers realise how important it is to turn every proverbial stone before a conviction is made.

The Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878) as a global humanitarian moment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Adrian Ruprecht
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Global Movement

Abstract This article explores the global spread of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement to colonial India. By looking at the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78) and the intense public ferment the events in the Balkans created in Britain, Switzerland, Russia and India, this article illustrates how humanitarian ideas and practices, as well as institutional arrangements for the care for wounded soldiers, were appropriated and shared amongst the different religious internationals and pan-movements from the late 1870s onwards. The Great Eastern Crisis, this article contends, marks a global humanitarian moment. It transformed the initially mainly European and Christian Red Cross into a truly global movement that included non-sovereign colonial India and the Islamic religious international. Far from just being at the receiving end, non-European peoples were crucial in creating global and transnational humanitarianism, global civil society and the world of non-governmental organizations during the last third of the nineteenth century.

The Association Between Racism and Suicidality Among Young Minority Groups: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 104365962110469
Author(s):  
Giorgia Rudes ◽  
Claudia Fantuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The World Health Organization states that suicide is the second leading cause of death among youngs, and racism has been proven to have detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. These two plagues represent a public health priority, especially for susceptible minorities. Method: This systematic review analyzed 23 studies from multiple database searches, to understand the relationship between racism and suicidality in young minority groups. Results: The review demonstrated the correlation between racism and suicidality with the consequent development of mental disorders. There is strong evidence that the main suicide risk factor is acculturation, interpreted as the assimilation of the dominant culture with the loss of values from one’s cultural background. Discussion: Health care professionals should not underestimate the risk of suicidality associated with racism. Prevention is crucial and it should be implemented from a young age, in schools, through a joint intervention with children and their families, aiming toward integration without acculturation.

The ’68 Movements around the World and in Turkey: One Movement or Many?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-156
Author(s):  
Ömer Turan
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old Left ◽  
The World ◽  
Counter Culture ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
Us Hegemony

Abstract The student movement of ’68 was both a major source of inspiration and subject of research for the social movement scholars. One persistent disagreement about studying ’68 lies between the world-system theory—Wallerstein views the movement as “a single revolution”—and the contentious politics approach—McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly refuse to consider ’68 “one grand movement.” Expanding this theoretical debate, this article overviews Turkey’s ’68 movement and discusses its divergence from the global movement. Wallerstein summarizes “the single revolution” of ’68 with five points: challenging US hegemony, working-class solidarity, demanding education reform, counter-culture, and challenging the old left. This article revisits these points and cross-reads them with insights of the contentious politics approach to evaluate Turkey’s ’68 movement. It then focuses on mobilizing structures, framing processes, and repertoires of contention that have shaped student activism.

scholarly journals OVERCROWDED PRISONS IN PAKISTAN: UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF PROBATION, PAROLE OFFICERS AND COURTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Mukhtyar Nabi ◽  
◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Parole Officers ◽  
The World

Prison is a place for rehabilitation of offenders in every country of the world. The present study has tried to explore the present-day situation of the prison system of Pakistan and discuss its overcrowding condition in all four provinces. There are total 120 prisons in the country which hold authorized space for not more than 57,712 prisoners, but the number of inmates is 77,275, which is far away from the authorized space. This congested prison system not only creates hurdles in rehabilitation of prisoners but makes them more criminal by mixing of low and high frequency offenders. It also leads to various health and behavioral problems. Rehabilitation is only possible if there is balance in authorized and available prisoners in the prisons. The present article has come up with some viable suggestion for concerned authorities that can better perform their duty in eradication of this problem. The authors discussed the role of parole and probation officers in the elimination of these numbers in prison. The majority of the prisoners in our prisons are under-trail, thus the role of the judiciary has also been explored in balancing the incarceration ratio in prisons. Keywords: Prison System, Overcrowded Prisons, Parole and Probation, Judiciary, Courts, Pakistan

scholarly journals Hindu Kush Himalayan Ecosystem as a Common Concern of Humankind: Imperative for Better Regional Jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Debasis Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Common Concern ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
The World

Hindu Kush Himalayan region (hereafter the HKH) - with 3500 odd kilometres stretched in eight countries- is default resource generation hub for about one-fifth population of the world. The ecosystem-growing delicate these days- seems to play a critical role for the survival of flora and fauna along with the maintenance of all its life-sustaining mountain glaciers. Ten major rivers to carry forward hitherto sustainable development of these peoples fall into question now. Further, in the wake of global climate change today, the delicate HKH ecosystem becomes increasingly fragile to unfold manifold consequences and thereby take its toll on the population. And the same might turn apocalyptic in its magnanimity of irreversibledamage. Like time-bomb, thus, climate ticks to get blown off. As it is getting already too delayed for timely resort to safeguards, if still not taken care of in time, lawmakers ought to find the aftermath too late to lament for. Besides being conscious for climate discipline across the world, collective efforts on the part of all regional states together are imperative to minimize the damage. Therefore, each one has put hands together to be saved from the doomsday that appears to stand ahead to accelerate a catastrophicend, in the given speed of global climate change. As the largest Himalayan state and its central positioning at the top of the HKH, Nepal has had potential to play a criticalrole to engage regional climate change regime and thereby spearhead climate diplomacy worldwide to play regional capital of the HKH ecosystem. As regional superpower, India has had potential to usurp leadership avatar to this end. With reasoningof his own, the author pleads for better jurisprudence to attain regional environmental integrity inter se- rather than regional environmental integration alone- to defendthe vulnerable HKH ecosystem since the same constitutes common concern of humankind and much more so for themselves. Hence, to quote from Shakespeare, “To be or not to be, that is the question” is reasonable here. While states are engaged in the spree to cause mutually agreed destruction, global climate change- with deadly aftermath- poses the last and final unifier for them to turn United Nations in rhetoric sense o f the term.

The Role of Trust in Covid Tracing Apps: Estonian Case Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Sousa ◽  
Tiina Kalju
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
The World ◽  
Wide Availability

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes on how we use technology across the world, both socially and economically. Due to the urgency and severity of the crisis different virus control measures were explored. One of the means how technology could help in this situation was by helping trace the contacts of people to prevent the spread of the disease. Many governments and public health authorities across the world have launched a number of contact tracing mobile apps (CTA). By the end of 2020, there are more than 50 contact tracing apps in both Google Play and iOS App Store [1]. Despite the wide availability, the download rates are low and usage rates are even lower [2][3]. There could be many reasons why the adoption is so low, but most certainly one variable that has been overlooked is the level of trust that potential users need to feel comfortable using an app. In Estonia, the CTA named HOIA has been developed as a means of digital contact tracing. By the middle of January 2021, there have been approximately 250 000 downloads but only 1763 (around 4,7% of all COVID-19 positive in Estonia by that time) people have registered as being tested COVID-19 positive [4]. It shows that HOIA has not proved to be efficient means to reduce the spread of the pandemic. Modeling evidence suggests that in order to be effective, the use of contact tracing apps would need to be very high, at least 80% of smartphone users to stop the pandemic [5]. 40% of Estonian people who don’t have HOIA do not believe that HOIA is effective and does what is promised. The concern about security and privacy was in the second place [6]. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess Estonian's trust towards the HOIA app and what has caused the shortage in trust. Namely, assess how much Estonians trust Covid-19 contact tracing app HOIA and what aspects are perceived as distrust by them. The study contributes to designers' understanding and awareness of designing trustworthy technology. METHODS The study comprised of measuring trust in HOIA CTA application using human-computer Trust psychometric scale [22]. A convenience sample was used in data collection, this includes all potential HOIA among the Estonian population. RESULTS Results indicate significant positive correlations between participants' trust towards the Estonian COVID tracing application (HOIA) and their perceptions of risk (p-value 0.000), competency (P-value 0.000), Benevolence (P-value=0.025), and reciprocity (P-value 0.015). CONCLUSIONS With the COVID-19 crisis, the new phenomenon of contact tracing apps was introduced to fight against the pandemic. CTAs were hoped to be a technological breakthrough to decrease the spread of the virus. However, this has not happened around the world. The same has happened in Estonia and evidence shows, that one of the reasons could be the low level of trust. The results of the study confirm, that trust in HOIA among Estonian habitants does affect their predisposition to use and indicated that participants do not believe HOIA is able to fulfill the main goal and decrease the spread of the virus. The result of this work is not only limited to HOIA but can be implemented by other CTAs as well. The results of this study contribute to designers' understanding and awareness of designing trustworthy technology. Eventually helps to provide design recommendations that ensure trustworthiness in the CTAs AI ability to use highly sensitive data and serve society. Regarding the limitations of this study, the survey was able to gather insight about the perceptions of HOIA, was enough to make a statistical generalization about the users’ perception and usage habits but more data needs to be collected if the intention is to generalize the results to the whole population of Estonia. Also, we should pay attention to the different minority groups to reach a valid conclusion. CLINICALTRIAL no trial registration.

Transitioning to Low Carbon Mobility

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Hopkins ◽  
James Higham
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
Context Specific

Since the turn of the 21st Century, the world has experienced unprecedented economic, political, social and environmental transformation. The ‘inconvenient truth’ of climate change is now undeniable; rising temperatures and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events have resulted in the loss of lives, livelihoods and habitats as well as straining economies. Increasingly mobile lives are often dependent on high carbon modes of transport, representing a substantial contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the underlying cause of anthropogenic climate change. With growing demand and rising emissions, the transport sector has a critical role to play in achieving GHG emissions reductions, and stabilising the global climate. Low Carbon Mobility Transitions draws interdisciplinary insights on transport and mobilities, as a vast and complex socio-technical system. It presents 15 chapters and 6 shorter ‘case studies’ covering a diversity of themes and geographic contexts across three thematic sections: People and Place, Structures in Transition, and Innovations for Low Carbon Mobility. The three sections are highly interrelated, and with overlapping, complementing, and challenging themes. The contributions offer critical, often neglected insights into low carbon mobility transitions across the world. In doing so, Low Carbon Mobility Transitions sheds light on the place- and context-specific nature of mobility in a climate constrained world.

Predecessors & consequences of a tragedy: May 28 – June 01, 1945 Drau massacre

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Дж. Кумук
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Life Story ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
World War ◽  
Adolf Hitler ◽  
Innocent People ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Simple Question

В статье рассматривается национальное и общественно-политическое противостояние северокавказских горцев большевистскому нашествию, проявившееся в антисоветской борьбе горской интеллигенции в европейских столицах в межвоенный период, массовом убийстве тысяч ни в чем не повинных людей в долине Драу в 1945 году, трагической истории жизни одного из беженцев по имени Черим Сообцоков, пережившего мировую войну, а также в экстрадиции и казнях сталинского режима. В конце концов, мы зададим себе простой вопрос: кто из них был худшим из зол? Иосиф Сталин или Адольф Гитлер? И при каких условиях их жертвы могут считаться преступниками только потому, что они надеялись на помощь одного из них, чтобы избежать угрозы, исходящей от другого? The article examines the related national and socio-political resistance of the North Caucasian highlanders against the Bolshevik invasion embodied with the experiences of the anti-Soviet struggle of Mountain intelligentsia in European capitals during the interwar period, the massacre of thousands of innocent people in the Drau valley in 1945, and the tragic life story of an individual refugee named Tscherim Soobzokov, who survived the world war and the extradition to Stalinist execution. In the end, we ask a simple question to ourselves; Which one was more evil? Joseph Stalin or Adolf Hitler? And, in what circumstances should their victims can be considered as criminals just because they believed help from either of them to avoid the danger caused by the other?

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