Does autonomous moral reasoning favor consequentialism?

This paper addresses an important issue that has been commonly debated in moral psychology, namely the normative and metaethical implications of our differing intuitive responses to morally indistinguishable dilemmas. The prominent example of the asymmetry in our responses is that people often intuitively accept pulling a switch and deny pushing as a morally permissible way of sacrificing an innocent person to save more innocent people. Joshua Greene traces our negative responses to actions involving “up close and personal” harm back to our evolutionary past and argues that this undermines the normative power of deontological judgments. I reject Greene’s argument by arguing that our theoretical moral intuitions, as opposed to concrete and mid-level ones, are independent of direct evolutionary influence because they are the product of autonomous (gene-independent) moral reasoning. I then explain how both consequentialist and deontological theoretical intuitions, which enable us to make important moral distinctions and grasp objective moral facts, are produced by the exercise of autonomous moral reasoning and the process of cultural evolution. My conclusion will be that Greene is not justified in his claim that deontology is normatively inferior to consequentialism.

النظام الجنائي الإسلامي و طرق الحماية من جرائم إشانة السمعة : دراسة مقارنة بما عليه العمل من القوانين الجنائية المعاصرة

النظام الجنائي الإسلامي و طرق الحماية من جرائم إشانة السمعة : دراسة مقارنة بما عليه العمل من القوانين الجنائية المعاصرة slam aims of protecting people honour and keeping their fame and dignity and for this reasin it silences ill mannered people and those who seek shme for innocent people . It prtvents these ill mannered people from injuring people feelings and staining their honour. and it seriously prohibilty propagate indecent among the belivers so that life could be vilrluos and free of this evil for this, Islam prohibits compelty and considers it as one are of the greatest sins and indecent and the person doing this is deemed to curse . dissolute and banishment from Allah's mercy and he deserves severe pain in this world and the hereafter. The subject is tackled in to themes : 1. Definition of defaming crime and explaining its elements in Islam and its legal punishment. 2. Definition of disgrace and its punishment in the criminal legislations. It concludes with the important findings and recommendations

The Truth Project

The United States Constitution grants Americans the “right to a speedy and public trial,” with an assumption that the trial is impartial and fair. Recent data suggest a nontrivial number of cases fail to meet this standard. During interrogations, suspects can be presented with false evidence, long interrogations can undermine a suspect’s cognitive ability, and minimization tactics often mislead suspects into believing justice is on their side. These dynamics facilitate false confessions and wrongful convictions, which are common in the United States and globally. We argue the current approaches to understand and predict innocence in legal cases are insufficient and interdisciplinary research is required to prevent innocent people from going to jail. In this review, we cover research on wrongful convictions and false confessions, ending with The Truth Project ( www.truth-project.io ), a new global framework to connect scholars and facilitate research into behavioral patterns of innocence.

An Analysis of Historical and Political Evolution of Kashmir State

The innocent people of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) continuously struggled for the protection of their lives. In most of the areas which are under the administrative control of Indian Military, the survival of Kashmiris is becoming more challenging due to the imposed social, political and economic sanctions posed by the Indian government. The first part of this paper examines the historical legacy of Kashmir and the middle of the paper attempts to highlight how the people are demanding their rights as well as freedom from the Indian troops. Even thou, the international media has highlighted and unveiled the true picture of Indian brutality and the open murder of Kashmiri public. But, unfortunately the world community is still salient and watching the cruel actions taken by the Indian forces in the valley. Overall, this paper attempts to highlight the analytical approach about the history, status, equity and struggle of freedom of the Kashmiris.

Because We Are Christian and Filipino

As part of his campaign against criminality, President Duterte has called for the reinstatement of the death penalty in the Philippines. Its most vocal supporters are evangelical and independent Christian leaders and lawmakers. Although a religious minority, these entities are politically influential. In this article we show that they support the death penalty because they are Christian and Filipino. They articulate their support in two respects: it is biblical and it must be administered on heinous crimes for the sake of innocent people. We unpack these statements in terms of a religious citizenship that disregards the reality of religious diversity in Philippine society.

The enduring problem of ‘grey’ drone violence

This article addresses the problem of drone violence that is ‘grey’ in the sense of being hard to categorise. It focuses on circumstances, such as arose in Pakistan, in which a foreign government's armed drones are a constant presence. A lesson from US experience there is that the persistent threat of drone strikes is intended to suppress activities that endanger the drone-using state's security. However, this threat inevitably affects innocent people living within potential strike zones. To judge such drone use by reference to military ethics principles is to assume that ‘war’ is going on, but indefinite drone deployments are difficult to conceptualise as war, so traditional Just War thinking does not suffice as a basis for moral judgement. In assessing the US government's commitment to drone-based containment of risks emerging along its ‘terror frontier’, the article considers three alternative conceptualisations of drone violence arising in non-war contexts: vim (‘force short of war’), terrorism, and imperialism. It then rejects all three and proposes that such violence is better conceptualised as being merely ‘quasi-imperialistic’. On this basis, however, the sustaining of a drone strike campaign against a series of suspected terrorists can still be condemned as violating the right to life.

Inscribing the Migratory History of Tea Plantation Labours of Assam: A Journey from Ignorance to Experience

The tea garden labours of Assam have an absorbing history of their own. They were imported to Assam from various parts of Bengal, United Province, Central Province, Madras, etc. At the time when they were facing economic hardships in their day-to-day life, the agents of the tea planters of Assam visited those areas and tempted them with plenty of facilities and economic incentives. Believing the false promises of these dishonest agents, these innocent people decided to follow them to get relief from economic deprivation and reached Assam. Thus, the process of importation of labour into Assam started and gradually their number was increasing year by year. But as soon as they left their native place, they met with adversity and it was increasing day by day. On their way to Assam also, many of them died of various diseases and eventually when they arrived in Assam, they were subjected to inhumane conditions. No one was known to them and unhealthy food and unhygienic habitation added further misery. On many occasions, they were even physically assaulted which increased their mental instability. Despite this, they gradually adopted themselves in Assam and started to treat Assam as their land. Now, the tea garden labour community of Assam is a part and parcel of Assamese society and in politics also they have been performing a major role.

The Truth Project

The United States Constitution grants Americans the “right to a speedy and public trial,” with an assumption that the trial is impartial and fair. Recent data suggest a nontrivial number of cases fail to meet this standard. During interrogations, suspects can be presented with false evidence, long interrogations can undermine a suspect’s cognitive ability, and minimization tactics often mislead suspects into believing justice is on their side. These dynamics facilitate false confessions and wrongful convictions, which are common in the United States and globally. We argue that the current approaches to understand and predict innocence in legal cases are insufficient and interdisciplinary research is required to prevent innocent people from going to jail. In this review, we cover research on wrongful convictions and false confessions, ending with The Truth Project (www.truth-project.io), a new global framework to connect scholars and facilitate research into behavioral patterns of innocence.

Declaration Of Understanding Radicalism To Islam (Critical Analysis of Islamic Religious Educational Materials in Response to Allegations of Understanding Radicalism to Muslims)

The purpose of this study is to critically analyze or re-measure Islamic religious education materials in countering accusations of radicalism to Muslims. The term radicalism has become a familiar term attached to a group in Islam. Indicators to call groups in Islam radicalism to include terrorism, anarchists, rebels, and extremists. The research method uses a descriptive type of research. The results of this study are one of the causes of the trapping of elements in radicalism, namely a partial understanding of religion and tends to the nature of fanaticism. This trait then results in a sense of superiority over followers of other religions. Failing to understand the concept of jihad in religion makes someone take a shortcut by spreading terror to innocent people. the logical consequence of this interpretation is the juxtaposition of terrorism as the fruit of radicalism. This hypothesis is reasonable, considering that various terrorist activities in various parts of the world always act in the name of jihad carried out by Muslims as a form of obedience to God. This has led to various upheavals which, without realizing it, will not only have implications for the decline in national stability. However, it even sparked a negative response from various parts of the world. Therefore, it is necessary to have an inclusive understanding of religion so that religious adherents realize that plurality is a necessity. Seeing these problems, there needs to be a strengthening and reaffirmation of the originality of Islamic teachings that contain humanist pluralistic and tolerant values. The conclusion is that a very strategic role, in this case, is that Islamic religious education materials must be able to reconstruct relevant materials to counteract accusations of radicalism. It is at this point that the focus of the study in this article is trying to critically analyze or re-measure Islamic religious education materials that tend to be humanist-pluralist and tolerant to ward off accusations of radicalism in Islam.

Critique of Capitalist Ideology in Bhattarai’s Muglan

This article explores Govinda Raj Bhattarai’s worries about the innocent youths to be the Muglanis forced by the dominant capitalistideology of the society in his novel Muglan. In the novel, he presents the critical situation of the youths who are compelled to leave their motherland just for survival but they get sold like cattle and are enslaved and forced to do hard physical labour in the cruel foreign land. The article applies neo-Marxist insights to study devastating results of elitist bourgeois ideology of the society over the life of poor innocent people in the novel. It mainly borrows ideas from Luis Althusser’s “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” along with the ideas by Terry Eagleton and Antonio Gramsci. The article shows Bhattarai’s critique of elitist bourgeois ideology of the society that he does through his choice of the protagonist, Sutar, who along with other youths leaves his home and goes to muglan but gets robbed, sold and forced to work as road builder in the foreign land of Bhutan. By showing the hopelessness of better life for the youths in their native land, Nepal and their pathetic condition in the foreign land, Bhattarai critiques the elitist ideology of Nepalese society.