Culpability and Breach of Trust

2020 ◽  
pp. 211-230
Author(s):  
Chris Heffer

This chapter sets out a framework for analyzing the relative culpability of the breach of trust represented by willfully insincere and/or epistemically negligent discourse. Given that blameworthiness is usually linked with intentionality, the chapter begins by arguing in favor of culpable ignorance. After illustrating why an analysis of the degree of culpability is necessary for the framework, it is argued that we can best establish degree of culpability by considering the gravity of the breach of trust involved. Nine contextually based trust-related dimensions are proposed (e.g. the vulnerability of the hearer, the institutional power of the speaker, and the perceived harm that might result from the untruthful discourse), and it is suggested that the ethical breach might be aggravated or attenuated accordingly. Finally the chapter considers further aggravating and mitigating circumstances that need to be taken into account when making a final ethical judgement of the discursive act of untruthfulness.

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Sehnert ◽  
Gabrielle Adams ◽  
Thane Pittman ◽  
John Darley

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 729-734
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu ◽  
Queen Chioma Nworgu

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1019-1037
Author(s):  
Érica Nadia Costa Sousa ◽  
Davis Pereira de Paula

A governança ambiental no Brasil tem avançado significativamente nas últimas décadas, principalmente no que concernem as políticas públicas. No contexto da descentralização do poder institucional, o município vem adquirindo papel de relevância como entidade executora das ações orientadas pela governança. No âmbito da gestão costeira, hoje há diversos meios legais que reafirmam a importância do gerenciamento do litoral em áreas densamente urbanizadas, nesse quesito, todos os níveis detêm diversos mecanismos que podem auxiliar significativamente para a gestão adequada das áreas litorais. Dessa forma, a partir das diretrizes da governança ambiental brasileira, o presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a gestão costeira dos municípios litorâneos cearenses a partir da atuação das secretarias municipais de meio ambiente dos referentes municípios. Sendo assim, foi aplicado um questionário eletrônico direcionado aos gestores públicos de órgãos e/ou secretarias de meio ambiente. Em que foram analisados aspectos da sua estrutura técnica de implementação das políticas públicas de gestão costeira, bem como as respostas municipais de gestão com base local. Levou-se em consideração para esta análise apenas os municípios que possuem orla marítima.  Com base na estrutura que orienta a boa gestão, aqui entendida como Governança, foi possível identificar a capacidade técnica de resposta dos órgãos de meio ambiente dos municípios costeiros cearenses frente as problemáticas de gestão de suas orlas.  E sobre todas essas questões, a governança assume o papel direcionador de boas práticas para melhorar a gestão costeira.Palavras-chave: Governança. Gestão Costeira. Instituições Públicas. ABSTRACTEnvironmental governance in Brazil has advanced significantly in recent decades, especially regarding public policies. In the context of the decentralization of institutional power, the municipality has been acquiring a relevant role as an executing entity of governance-oriented actions. In the context of coastal management, today there are several legal means that reaffirm the importance of coastal management in densely urbanized areas. In this regard, all levels have several mechanisms that can significantly assist in the proper management of coastal areas. Thus, based on the guidelines of the Brazilian environmental governance, this article aims to analyze the coastal management of the coastal municipalities of Ceará from the performance of the municipal environmental secretariats of the referred municipalities. Thus, an electronic questionnaire was applied to public managers of environmental agencies and / or departments. In which aspects of its technical structure for the implementation of coastal management public policies were analyzed, as well as the municipal based management responses. For this analysis, only the municipalities with seafronts were considered. Based on the structure that guides good management, understood here as Governance, it was possible to identify the technical capacity of the environmental agencies of Ceará coastal municipalities to respond to the problems of managing their borders. And on all these issues, governance assumes the guiding role of good practice for improving coastal management.Keywords: Governance. Coastal Management. Public Institutions. RESUMENLa gobernanza ambiental en Brasil ha avanzado significativamente en las últimas décadas, especialmente con respecto a las políticas públicas. En el contexto de la descentralización del poder institucional, el municipio ha adquirido un papel relevante como entidad ejecutora de acciones orientadas a la gobernanza. En el contexto del manejo costero, hoy existen varios medios legales que reafirman la importancia del manejo costero en áreas densamente urbanizadas, en este sentido, todos los niveles tienen varios mecanismos que pueden ayudar significativamente en el manejo adecuado de las áreas costeras. Por lo tanto, con base en los lineamientos de la gobernanza ambiental brasileña, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el manejo costero de los municipios costeros de Ceará a partir del desempeño de las secretarías ambientales municipales de los municipios referidos. Por lo tanto, se aplicó un cuestionario electrónico a los administradores públicos de agencias y / o departamentos ambientales. En qué aspectos de su estructura técnica para la implementación de la gestión costera se analizaron las políticas públicas, así como las respuestas de gestión con base municipal. Para este análisis, solo se consideraron los municipios con zonas marítimas. Con base en la estructura que guía la buena gestión, entendida aquí como Gobernanza, fue posible identificar la capacidad técnica de las agencias ambientales de los municipios costeros de Ceará para responder a los problemas de gestión de sus fronteras. Y en todos estos temas, la gobernanza asume el papel rector de las buenas prácticas para mejorar la gestión costera.Palabras clave: Gobernanza. Manejo costero. Instituciones públicas.


Author(s):  
Roger W. Shuy

This chapter reviews the research of social science and linguistics on power, ambiguity, and deception when treated separately at the macro institutional level and at the micro non-institutional level, noting the lack of studies of macro institutional power employed in the same context with micro non-institutional individuals. The characteristics of institutional power, control, authority, domination, reinterpretation, inequality, and persuasion are transparent and non-negotiable in the legal arena, in contrast with their absence for the powerless persons with whom the legal institution interacts. In non-institutional individual contexts these characteristics are often negotiable. When institutional power interacts with individuals who lack that power, the government’s non-negotiable advantage would appear to be transparent, but this is not always true. This outwardly transparent power also can be realized through the use of ambiguity, which can contain deceptiveness. This chapter reprises the research on ambiguity and deception, in the contexts of both law and linguistics.


Author(s):  
Dustin Gamza ◽  
Pauline Jones

What is the relationship between state repression of religion and political mobilization in Muslim-majority states? Does religious repression increase the likelihood that Muslims will support acts of rebellion against the state? This chapter contends that the effect of repression on attitudes toward political mobilization is conditional on both the degree of enforcement and the type of religious practice that is being targeted. When enforcement is high and the repressive regulation being enforced targets communal (rather than individualistic) religious practices, Muslims expect state persecution of their religious community to increase, and that this persecution will extract a much greater toll. They are thus more willing to support taking political action against the state in order to protect their community from this perceived harm. The chapter tests this argument with two novel survey experiments conducted in Kyrgyzstan in 2019. It finds that the degree of enforcement has a significant effect on attitudes toward political mobilization, but this effect is negative (reducing support) rather than positive (increasing support). The chapter also finds that repression targeting communal practices has a stronger effect on attitudes toward political mobilization than repression targeting individualistic practices, but again, these effects are negative. The chapter’s findings suggest that the fear of collective punishment increases as the degree of enforcement increases, particularly when it comes to repression targeting communal practices. Thus, while Muslims are motivated to protect their community from harm, it may be that the certainty of financial and physical harm outweighs the expectation of increasing religious persecution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Eva Eckert ◽  
Oleksandra Kovalevska

In the European Union, the concern for sustainability has been legitimized by its politically and ecologically motivated discourse disseminated through recent policies of the European Commission and the local as well as international media. In the article, we question the very meaning of sustainability and examine the European Green Deal, the major political document issued by the EC in 2019. The main question pursued in the study is whether expectations verbalized in the Green Deal’s plans, programs, strategies, and developments hold up to the scrutiny of critical discourse analysis. We compare the Green Deal’s treatment of sustainability to how sustainability is presented in environmental and social science scholarship and point out that research, on the one hand, and the politically motivated discourse, on the other, do not correlate and often actually contradict each other. We conclude that sustainability discourse and its keywords, lexicon, and phraseology have become a channel through which political institutions in the EU such as the European Commission sideline crucial environmental issues and endorse their own presence. The Green Deal discourse shapes political and institutional power of the Commission and the EU.


Author(s):  
Cécile Guillaume

Abstract Based on in-depth qualitative research conducted in one of the major French trade unions (the CFDT), this article explores to what extent and under what conditions trade unions adopt different legal practices to further their members’ interests. In particular, it investigates how ‘legal framing’ has taken an increasingly pervasive place in trade union work, in increasingly decentralised industrial relations contexts, such as France. This article therefore argues that the use of the law has become a multifaceted and embedded repertoire of action for the CFDT in its attempt to consolidate its institutional power through various strategies, including collective redress and the use of legal expertise in collective bargaining and representation work.


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