The Choice Model

2019 ◽  
pp. 193-242
Author(s):  
R. Zachary Manis
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Important Sense ◽  
Conceptual Resources ◽  
The Way

According to the choice model, damnation is, in some important sense, chosen by the damned: God is simply respecting human free will in consigning some to hell. The choice model is subdivided into two general forms, corresponding to the way that damnation can be chosen either directly or indirectly. The first form, which sees damnation as the explicit and direct object of choice of those who are finally lost, faces the challenge of explaining motive: why would anyone freely choose eternal damnation? The second form, in which damnation is the natural consequence of certain free choices but not that which is chosen directly, faces the challenge of explaining why God does not annihilate the damned, mercifully putting them out of their misery. The author argues that Kierkegaard’s The Sickness unto Death contains conceptual resources for addressing both of these challenges and thereby strengthening the choice model significantly; nevertheless, even this version faces difficulties that prevent it from being entirely satisfactory.

‘Eternity will nail him to himself’: the logic of damnation in Kierkegaard'sThe Sickness unto Death

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ZACHARY MANIS
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Conceptual Resources

AbstractThough Kierkegaard's writings are rarely referenced in discussions of the problem of hell, the choice model of hell, I argue, can be strengthened by a close reading of the relevant passages ofThe Sickness unto Deaththat bear on the topic of damnation. Each of the two major forms of the choice model that are discussed in the contemporary philosophical literature are anticipated and developed in masterful psychological detail in this key Kierkegaardian text. The first form of the choice model, which sees damnation as the explicit and direct object of choice of those who are finally lost, faces the challenge of explaining motive: why would anyone freely choose eternal damnation? The second form, in which damnation is the natural consequence of certain free choices but not that which is chosen directly, faces the significant challenge of explaining why God does not annihilate the damned, mercifully putting them out of their misery. I argue thatThe Sickness unto Deathcontains conceptual resources for meeting both of these challenges.

First Names and Political Change in Modern Turkey

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Bulliet
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
The Way

One of the few predictable opportunities for the exercise of free will that comes the way of most human beings is the bestowal of names upon their children. To be sure, local or national custom may legally restrict or otherwise limit the scope of that freedom in some cases; but by and large, there is normally some choice to be made, and the beneficiary of the choice, the child, is inevitably powerless to influence it.

scholarly journals "Sufficient to Have Stood, Though Free to Fall": Free Will in John Milton's Paradise Lost

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Martineau
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
John Milton ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Garden Of Eden ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
Book Of Genesis ◽  
The Way

In Book I of Paradise Lost, John Milton (1608-1674) asserts his intent to “justifie the wayes of God to men” (Paradise Lost1 I 26), paving the way for a revolutionary discussion of human nature, divinity, and the problem of evil, all couched in an epic retelling of Satan’s fall from grace, his temptation of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden, as recounted in the Book of Genesis. In his treatment of the biblical account, Milton necessarily broaches a variety of subjects which were both relevant during his time and remain relevant in ours. Among these topics, and certainly one of the most compelling, is the matter of human free will.

scholarly journals Alethic Deflationism and Normativity: A Critique

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Massimo Dell'Utri
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Normative Concept ◽  
Paul Horwich ◽  
The World ◽  
Conceptual Resources ◽  
The Way

The paper starts by highlighting that virtually nobody would object to claims such as “to regard an assertion or a belief or a thought as true or false is to regard it as being right or wrong”—a claim that shows that truth is intrinsically normative. It is well known that alethic deflationists deny this. Paul Horwich, for instance, maintains that nothing shows that TRUTH is a normative concept in the way that OUGHT is. By relying on a distinction among dimensions of normativity I will try to pinpoint the weakness of Horwich’s argument in the fact that he works with a strong, uncalled-for, interpretation of normativity, whereas a weaker interpretation is more than enough. However, the impression might persist that a different understanding of the normativity of truth on the part of deflationists could eventually show the compatibility between alethic deflationism and normativity. The remaining part of the paper is devoted to contend that this is a wrong impression. Accordingly, it is stated that the normativity exerted by truth is ascribable in the final analysis to the world, and the provocative claim is defended that alethic deflationism lacks the conceptual resources to account for the relation between language and the world.***Deflacionismo Alético e Normatividade: Uma Crítica***O artigo começa destacando que praticamente ninguém se opõe a reivindicações como "considerar uma afirmação, uma crença ou um pensamento como verdadeiro ou falso é considerá-lo como correto ou errado" - uma afirmação que mostra que a verdade é intrinsecamente normativa. Sabe-se que os deflacionistas aléticos negam isso. Paul Horwich, por exemplo, sustenta que nada mostra que a verdade é um conceito normativo da maneira que deveria ser. Ao confiar em uma distinção entre as dimensões da normatividade, tentarei identificar a fraqueza do argumento de Horwich no fato de que ele trabalha com uma interpretação de normatividade forte, desnecessária, quando uma interpretação mais fraca seria mais do que suficiente. No entanto, a impressão pode persistir de que uma compreensão diferente da normatividade da verdade por parte dos deflacionistas poderia eventualmente mostrar a compatibilidade entre o deflacionismo e a normatividade alética. A parte restante do artigo dedica-se a afirmar que esta é uma impressão errada. Por conseguinte, afirma-se que a normatividade exercida pela verdade é imputável, em última análise, ao mundo, e a reivindicação provocativa é defendida de que o deflacionismo alético não possui os recursos conceituais para explicar a relação entre a linguagem e o mundo.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Laura Kounine
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Free Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Trial Process ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
The Way

The process of identifying the witch brought questions about emotions, gender, and selfhood to the fore. As witchcraft was a crime largely without evidence, legal and religious authorities had to employ their expertise in their attempts to uncover the truth about a person. The trial process reveals the overlapping and at times contradictory individual, communal, legal, and religious understandings of not only witchcraft, but more fundamental categories of sin, morality, free will, guilt, and innocence. The trial process further reveals how individual and communal narratives took on, and themselves shaped, understandings of witchcraft, gender, and emotions in popular media, visual culture, and intellectual treatises. The way in which people attempted to make sense of themselves and each other, how the body and emotions were ‘read’, and how this was gendered, was thus at the very heart of the struggle to identify the witch.

Heptapod B and the Paradox of Foreknowledge: Confronting Literature and its Filmic Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Israel A. C. Noletto ◽  
Sebastião A. T. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Terrestrial Origin ◽  
Philosophical Criticism ◽  
Narrative Framework ◽  
The Way

Abstract Ted Chiang’s Story of Your Life (1998) and its filmic adaptation Arrival (2016) both use Heptapod B, an artificial language from extra-terrestrial origin, capable of conferring on its speakers the ability of precognition, as a primordial narrative framework. Innovative as it is, it not only determines the way the stories are recounted, but also raises some very interesting philosophical issues. Focusing on that fantastical language, we promote a comparative analysis of the differing perspectives of the novella writer and the filmmakers regarding the free will and determinism dichotomy in connection with foreknowledge, and how these distinct views may have been influenced by the adaptation process. With the aim of providing a solid basis for such discussion, we collect and review the contributions of Linda Hutcheon, Brian McFarlane, George Bluestone, Linda Gualda as well as of others in relation to the plot developments in the literary text and its filmic adaptation. As a result, we point out what is prioritized or transformed in the adaptation process, thus offering a theoretical and philosophical criticism on the two stories and a comprehensive exegesis of the texts.

Taking Utilitarianism Seriously

Utilitas ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-355
Author(s):  
P. J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Adequate Response ◽  
Mutual Advantage ◽  
Important Sense ◽  
Utilitarian Theory ◽  
The Way

With a book as wide ranging and insightful as Barry's Justice as Impartiality, it is perhaps a little churlish to criticize it for paying insufficient attention to one's own particular interests. That said, in what follows I am going to do just that and claim that in an important sense Barry does not take utilitarianism seriously. Utilitarianism does receive some discussion in Barry's book, and in an important section which I will discuss he even appears to concede that utilitarianism provides a rival though ultimately inadequate theory of justice. Nevertheless, utilitarianism is not considered a rival to ‘justice as impartiality’ in the way that ‘justice as mutual advantage’ and ‘justice as reciprocity’ are. One response, and perhaps the only adequate response, would be to construct a rival utilitarian theory. I cannot provide such a theory in this paper, and I certainly would be very cautious about claiming that I could provide such a theory elsewhere. What I want to suggest is that utilitarianism is a genuine third theory to contrast with ‘justice as mutual advantage’ and ‘justice as impartiality’ – ‘justice as reciprocity’ being merely a hybrid of ‘justice as mutual advantage’, at least as Barry presents it (pp. 46–51). I also want to argue that it poses a more significant challenge to a contractualist theory such as Barry's than his discussion of utilitarianism reveals.

Public Budget Reform and Reform Failure in a Market Model

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Matthew Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Public Choice ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Budget Reform ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Budgeting Process ◽  
The Way

Abstract Budgeting theories have not been able to explain why reforms have a limited influence on the budgeting process [JOYCE, 1993]. The current paper proposes a market-based theory of budget reform, which combines the public choice model with new institutional dunking, in the spirit of authors like Kraan [1996]. The dieory unfolds into specific hypodieses about the way in which reform adoption is dependent on the authority of budgeting bureaucrats to adopt reforms, the level of reform acceptance among these bureaucrats and politicians, and the ability of bureaucrats to adopt the reforms. The first two factors, authority and acceptance, are argued to be more important than ability in influencing the level of budget reform adoption.

scholarly journals Performing a Victory in Performing Arts Competitions

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Rully Aprilia Zandra
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Winning Strategies ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Way

Winning or losing is a natural consequence experienced when participating in an art competition. There is an individual or group that succeeds, then fails in another event or vice versa. But some individuals or groups always win in every competition. To bridge the gap, this research focused on strategies to sustain victory in group dance and traditional music competitions. Data were collected through interviewing, observation, and documentation analysis. Researchers took data before, during and after the competition. The researchers interpreted the data then grouped them according to research questions. Habitus and domination theory were used to analyze the data. Confirmed or negated information was used to find winning strategies. The results of this study indicate that the way to perpetuate victory is to equip students with adequate capital, map out the jury’s tastes, and have a unique art Olympiad class.   Keywords: Competition domination, art strategy, perpetuating victory, performing arts

scholarly journals Progress and Free Will: On the Buddhist Concept of “Time” and Its Possibilities for Modernity

Asian Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart DESSEIN
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Buddhist Philosophy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

An even only cursory glance at the way Buddhism is experienced, interpreted, and lived in the contemporary world––both Western and Oriental––reveals Buddhism’s multiple “modern faces”. This paper does not intend to describe all or even a selected group of these many faces, but attempts to contribute to our understanding of how peculiar developments within Buddhist philosophy have made it possible that such a variety of “Buddhist modernities” could develop. It is shown that it is the peculiar Buddhist interpretation of the concept of time that has provided the basis on which the various modern features of Buddhism could build, because the Buddhist interpretation of time contains an aspect of progress and free will. It is suggested that these two aspects increased the prominence given to the individual adept in the Mahāyāna. The article then claims that it precisely are the ideas of rationality, progress and individualism that are also characteristic for the modern world that contain the possibility for Buddhism to develop its multitude of modern faces. 

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