The Discourse of Ethnicity

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Environmental Determinism ◽  
Huai River

Chapter 2, “The Discourse of Ethnicity,” identifies environmental determinism as the primary discourse in early medieval East Asia within which cultural differences were discussed and evaluated. Those differences can be regarded as “ethnic” if they were understood to be both inherent/immutable and politically salient. The chapter explores the evolution of this discourse in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River, particularly as it was applied to the peoples south of the Huai River, especially the Wu people, or Wuren. The conclusion is that the discourse increasingly became more ethnicizing, and clearly identified the Wuren as a distinct, and inferior, ethnic group.

scholarly journals Southeastern Peripheries of Huaxia: The Historical-Cultural Interaction and Assimilation from Southern Man and Bai Yue of Mainland to Island Yi and Maritime Fan

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-58
Author(s):  
Chunming Wu
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Main Pattern

AbstractIn the macroscopic situation of ethno-history in the East Asia, the mainstream of ethnic relationships in diverse regions has generally come along with the expansion of the Huaxia and Han nationality, as well as its interaction, conflicts, and assimilation with the neighboring cultures in “Four Directions”. The process of the so-called “Huaxianization” (华夏化) and “sinicization” (汉化) pushed forward step by step from the “Central Plains” and “Central Nation” in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, outward to the peripheries of its “Four Directions”, and from the mainland to the oceanic areas. In this process, the main pattern of ethnic interaction presented in a differentiated concentric geopolitical order of the “Central Nation (中国)”- peripheral “Four Directions” (四方) with “Nine States” (九州) and “Various States” (万国)—“Four Seas” as the “Gullied Boundary of China Nation” (四海为壑), finally resulting in the unity of China Nation of “Assimilation and Integration of Pluralistic Cultures” (多元一体) with the Han ethnicity as its core.

Occurrence and distribution of priority pharmaceuticals in the Yellow River and the Huai River in Henan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (14) ◽  
pp. 16816-16826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinglan Feng ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Xiangli Ru ◽  
Nannan Xi ◽  
Jianhui Sun
Keyword(s):  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Huai River

Evolution Characteristic and Reclamation Potentiality of the Muddy Coast in Jiangsu Province, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 1185-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Yellow River Delta ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
High Deposition Rate ◽  
The North ◽  
Huai River

The study area was located in central coast of Jiangsu Province, China. The coast between Wanggang estuary and Chuandonggang estuary belonged to a typical accumulation muddy coast. When the Yellow River flowed into the Yellow Sea using the Huai River course, the coast deposited rapidly and the coastline advanced to the sea about 60 km. The deposition source stopped after the Yellow River returned to the north and flowed into the Bohai Sea. The entral coast of Jiangsu still maintained a high deposition rate in the supratidal zone because of the erosion supply of the abandoned Yellow River delta. But the subtidal zone was in the erosion state. The coast entered into the adjustment period in the 21st century and showed the equilibrium of the erosion and deposition. In recent years, the supratidal area decreased because of the reclaimation. The living space of the salt marshes was limited. The reclamation potentiality will be limited too in the future.

Water shortage and needs for wastewater re-use in the north China

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.C. Wang ◽  
P.K. Jin
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The North ◽  
Huai River

This paper analyses the present condition of the water shortage in north China where annual rainfall is low and per capita water resource is below the line of regular water stress, or even the line of absolute water scarcity. Of the available water resources, the percentge of water withdrawal in all the north basins is high – the Yellow River and Huai River basins being greater than 80% and the Hai River basin mainly depending on interbasin water transfer. Over-withdrawal of water also results in serious water environmental problems including “flow cut-off” of the Yellow River main channel and water pollution of many rivers. The paper also analyses the potential of wastewater as a resource and the demand for treated wastewater re-use. In north China, due to low rainfall and high potential evaporation environmental re-use, gardening, afforestation, etc. is considered as the main usage of the treated wastewater. Considering the economic restrictions in the less developed area, a decentralised system can be taken as an important option in formulating water re-use strategies.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic diversity shapes salt tolerance in Phragmites australis estuarine populations in East China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Lambertini ◽  
Wen-Yong Guo ◽  
Siyuan Ye ◽  
Franziska Eller ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Other ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Tropical Species

Abstract Estuaries are dynamic and selective environments that provide frequent opportunities for the turnover of Phragmites australis populations. We studied Phragmites genetic diversity patterns in three of the major deltas of China, viz. the Yellow River, the Yangtze and the Liaohe, in relation to Phragmites global phylogeography and soil salinity. We found that two distantly related P. australis haplotypes, each with intercontinental distribution, co-occur in these deltas in China. One is European Phragmites (Haplotype O) and is related to P. japonicus; the other (Haplotype P) has its range in East Asia and Australia and is related to the Asian tropical species P. karka. The two haplotypes have differing salt tolerance, with Haplotype O in areas with the highest salinity and Haplotype P in areas with the lowest. Introgressed hybrids of Haplotype P with P. karka, and F1 hybrids with Haplotype O, have higher salt tolerance than Haplotype P. Phylogenetic diversity appears as the factor that better explains population structure and salinity tolerance in these estuaries. Future research may explain whether the two P. australis haplotypes evolved in East Asia, and East Asia is a center of Phragmites diversity, or are introduced and a threat to P. japonicus and P. karka.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The Third ◽  
Environmental Determinism

This section has established that medieval East Asia did in fact have a discourse of ethnicity. Environmental determinism, which dominated the conceptualization of cultural variation in the medieval Sinosphere, was certainly not the same as the modern concept of ethnicity, but it is comparable in its “harder” forms, in which geographically determined cultural characteristics were regarded as inbred, inherent, and immutable, and almost always as inferior. In the Central Plains from the third to the sixth centuries, the discourse of environmental determinism saw a significant drift toward these “harder” forms, strengthening ethnic discourse and facilitating the ethnicization of cultural Others....

Agriculture and Foodways

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Cultural Features

Chapter 3, “Agriculture and Foodways,” undertakes the first of two case studies in the ethnicization of particular cultural features of the Wuren by the peoples of the Central Plains of the Yellow River. It contrasts the millet-, wheat-, meat-, and milk-based foodways and agricultural systems of the Zhongren and Sarbi of the Central Plains with the rice-, fish-, and tea-based foodways of the Wuren and Churen of the Huai and Yangzi valleys and regions further south. By the fifth and sixth centuries the Central Plains discourse had ethnicized these differences, seeing them as both physiologically inherent and politically salient. Migration of some Central Plains people (Zhongren) into the south did not appreciably change this discourse.

The ceremonial mound of Longshan Culture at Yuhui Village in Bengbu City, Anhui

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Connotation ◽  
Huai River ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Physical Materials ◽  
Longshan Culture

AbstractThe Yuhui Site excavated in 2007 through 2011 is an important site of the late Longshan Age with special cultural characteristics, complex cultural connotation and unique vessel assemblage in the Huai River Valley. In this site, the foundation of a large-scale ceremonial mound was revealed, showing that this site was not a pure residential area but played an unprecedented spiritual and religious role in the past. The rich artifacts unearthed from this site provided important physical materials for the researches on the cultural communication and converge in the Central Plains, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the northern Jiangsu Province and the circum-Lake Tai areas during the Longshan Age. Subject to the tests and researches with methods of natural sciences, Yuhui Site also have the potential of throwing light on the legends and proto-history related to the Mount Tu and Yu the Great, and the understanding of the Huai Civilization.

Sacrificing Local Interests: Water control policies of the Ming and Qing governments and the local economy of Huaibei, 1495–1949

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA JUNYA ◽  
TIM WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Water Control ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Huai River ◽  
Entire Flow

AbstractFrom the end of the fifteenth century, the Ming state redirected the entire flow of the Yellow River into the course of the Huai River in order the facilitate the transport of tribute grain. This shifted the major problems of water control from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the Huaibei region. Huaibei was viewed as ‘a local interest’, as opposed to the ‘general interests’ represented by the central government, and was sacrificed for those general interests. These policies, which were continued under the Qing dynasty, created widespread and frequent flooding in the region, causing short-term famine and destruction and leading to long-term economic decline.

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