Agriculture and Foodways

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Cultural Features

Chapter 3, “Agriculture and Foodways,” undertakes the first of two case studies in the ethnicization of particular cultural features of the Wuren by the peoples of the Central Plains of the Yellow River. It contrasts the millet-, wheat-, meat-, and milk-based foodways and agricultural systems of the Zhongren and Sarbi of the Central Plains with the rice-, fish-, and tea-based foodways of the Wuren and Churen of the Huai and Yangzi valleys and regions further south. By the fifth and sixth centuries the Central Plains discourse had ethnicized these differences, seeing them as both physiologically inherent and politically salient. Migration of some Central Plains people (Zhongren) into the south did not appreciably change this discourse.

Desiccation of the Yellow River and the South Water Northward Transfer Project

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chansheng He ◽  
Sheng-Kui Cheng ◽  
Yi Luo
Keyword(s):  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The South

scholarly journals Southeastern Peripheries of Huaxia: The Historical-Cultural Interaction and Assimilation from Southern Man and Bai Yue of Mainland to Island Yi and Maritime Fan

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-58
Author(s):  
Chunming Wu
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Main Pattern

AbstractIn the macroscopic situation of ethno-history in the East Asia, the mainstream of ethnic relationships in diverse regions has generally come along with the expansion of the Huaxia and Han nationality, as well as its interaction, conflicts, and assimilation with the neighboring cultures in “Four Directions”. The process of the so-called “Huaxianization” (华夏化) and “sinicization” (汉化) pushed forward step by step from the “Central Plains” and “Central Nation” in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, outward to the peripheries of its “Four Directions”, and from the mainland to the oceanic areas. In this process, the main pattern of ethnic interaction presented in a differentiated concentric geopolitical order of the “Central Nation (中国)”- peripheral “Four Directions” (四方) with “Nine States” (九州) and “Various States” (万国)—“Four Seas” as the “Gullied Boundary of China Nation” (四海为壑), finally resulting in the unity of China Nation of “Assimilation and Integration of Pluralistic Cultures” (多元一体) with the Han ethnicity as its core.

scholarly journals Assessment of dicarbonyl contributions to secondary organic aerosols over China using RAMS-CMAQ

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 6481-6495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Li ◽  
Meigen Zhang ◽  
Guiqian Tang ◽  
Yele Sun ◽  
Fangkun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The concentration of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is underestimated in current model studies. Recent research suggests that the reactive uptake of dicarbonyls contributes to the production of SOA, although few models have included this pathway. Glyoxal, an important representative component of dicarbonyls in models, is significantly underestimated. We therefore incorporated the reactive uptake of dicarbonyls into the regional air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System-Community Multiscale Air Quality) to evaluate the contribution of dicarbonyls to SOA, and we then assess the impact of the underestimation of glyoxal on the production of SOA in China during two time periods: 3 June to 11 July 2014 (episode 1) and 14 October to 14 November 2014 (episode 2). When the reactive uptake process was added, the modeled mean concentration of SOA in episode 1 increased by 3.65 µg m−3, which explained 34.8 % of the unaccounted-for source of SOA. Meanwhile the increase in the concentration of SOA in episode 2 was 1.82 µg m−3 as a result of the lower liquid water content and the lower amount of dicarbonyls produced from biogenic precursors in the fall. On this basis, when the glyoxal simulation was improved, the modeled mean dicarbonyl-derived SOA (AAQ) increased by more than a factor of 2 in both episodes relative to case 1. AAQ in episode 1 contributed, on average, 60.6 % of the total concentration of SOA and the increase in this contribution represented 69.1 % of the unaccounted-for concentration of SOA, whereas the mean AAQ in episode 2 accounted for 64.5 % of total concentration of SOA. Based on the results, the mean AAQ over China was generally higher in the east than in the west during the two episodes. The highest value (10–15 µg m−3) of episode 1 appeared in the areas around the lower reaches of the Yellow River, whereas the highest value of 5–10 µg m−3 in episode 2 was concentrated over regions from south of the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the south of Guangzhou Province as well as the Sichuan Basin. The contribution of AAQ to the concentration of SOA in episode 1 varied from 10 % to 90 % throughout China, with the highest contributions (70 %–90 %) in the coastal regions and offshore along the East China Sea to the South China Sea and in the southwestern regions. The fraction of AAQ to SOA in episode 2 was in the range of 10 %–80 % over China, with the fraction up to 80 % in a small portion of northeastern China.

Vernacular Languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-101
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The Military ◽  
Cultural Features

Chapter 4, “Vernacular Languages,” offers the second of two case studies in the ethnicization of cultural features of the Wuren. Using the results of modern linguistic studies, the chapter shows that the vernacular spoken languages of the Jiankang Empire have a substantial, perhaps predominant, non-Sinitic basis, most importantly in the Austro-Asiatic family (along with Mon and Khmer, among others). These languages were recognized as decisively foreign by people of the Central Plains. Within the empire, the polyglot linguistic situation in the fifth and sixth centuries was addressed by the use of one of two common spoken tongues, either Jiankang Elite vernacular (the most Sinitic language within the empire) for the educated class, or, to a much lesser but still significant extent, Chu vernacular among the military.

The Discourse of Ethnicity

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Environmental Determinism ◽  
Huai River

Chapter 2, “The Discourse of Ethnicity,” identifies environmental determinism as the primary discourse in early medieval East Asia within which cultural differences were discussed and evaluated. Those differences can be regarded as “ethnic” if they were understood to be both inherent/immutable and politically salient. The chapter explores the evolution of this discourse in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River, particularly as it was applied to the peoples south of the Huai River, especially the Wu people, or Wuren. The conclusion is that the discourse increasingly became more ethnicizing, and clearly identified the Wuren as a distinct, and inferior, ethnic group.

Han Expansion to the South

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plain ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Second Millennium Bce ◽  
China Today ◽  
University Course ◽  
Universal Culture

On the surface, a discussion of China’s expansion south might appear as just another academic endeavor with little relevance to contemporary events. Anyone who has taken a university course on Chinese civilization knows the story: Chinese civilization began in the second millennium bce as various Neolithic settlements situated along the lower reaches of the Yellow River, an area known as the Central Plain, coalesced to form the first Chinese dynasty, the Shang. For the next three thousand years, the culture that emerged from this Central Plain heartland spread uniformly over the geopolitical expanse of what is contemporary China, bringing civilization to the previously untamed “barbarians” of the periphery. This linear narrative presumes that the geopolitical entity that is China today has unsullied ancient roots, and that China today has always been China. The arguments offered in support of China’s universal culture, Prasenjit Duara tells us, are rhetorical subterfuge aimed at securing for the “contested and contingent nation the false unity of a self-same” (p. 4), the Han. Thus, to question this teleological paradigm of Chinese history is to challenge the very essence of China, Chinese civilization, and Han identity. Yet this is precisely what students of China’s expansion south are doing today. They are decentering China’s history by asking a deceptively simple question: What would Chinese history look like if we examine it from the perspective of the peoples living along China’s southern periphery?

scholarly journals Organic and inorganic carbon and their stable isotopes in surface sediments of the Yellow River Estuary

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhitong Yu ◽  
Xiujun Wang ◽  
Guangxuan Han ◽  
Xingqi Liu ◽  
Enlou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Yellow River Estuary ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The South

Abstract. Estuarine sediment is an important carbon reservoir, and thus may play an important role in the global carbon cycle. The Yellow River Estuary is a large estuary in northern China, having implications for the Bohai Sea's carbon cycle. However, little is known about carbon dynamics in the sediment of the transitional zone near the river mouth. In this study, we collected 15 short sediment cores from the Yellow River Estuary, and measured grain size, total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (TIC) and the isotopic compositions of TOC (δ13Corg) and carbonate (δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb). We found that TIC concentration (6.3–20.1 g kg−1) was much higher than TOC (0.2–4.4 g kg−1) in the surface sediment. Both TOC and TIC were higher to the north (2.6 and 14.5 g kg−1) than to the south (1.6 and 12.2 g kg−1), except in the southern bay where TOC and TIC reached 2.7 and 15.4 g kg−1, respectively. The δ13Corg value ranged narrowly from −24.26 ‰ to −22.66 ‰, indicating that TOC might be mainly autochthonous. However, C : N ratio varied from 2.1 to 10.1, with higher ratio found in the southern bay. We estimated that 60.8 % of TOC might be from terrigenous OC in the southern bay. The lower TOC values in the south section were due to relatively higher kinetic energy level whereas the higher values in the bay was attributable to terrigenous matters accumulation and lower kinetic energy level. There was a significantly positive correlation between TIC and TOC, indicating that TIC was primarily from autogenic carbonate. However, the southern bay revealed the most negative δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb, suggesting that there might exist some transfer of OC to IC in the section. Our study points out that the dynamics of sedimentary carbon in the Yellow River Estuary is influenced by multiple and complex processes, and highlights the importance of carbonate in carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Brief Study on Main Ferries in Gansu Section of the Yellow River in Han Dynasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianye Li
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Bridge Crossing ◽  
North And South

Ferry serves as an important element of traffic. The Yellow River Ferry in Gansu Province and the north-south traffic routes from Chang’an to Hexi during Han Dynasty corresponds with each other but also are divided into north and south ways. Beidao ferry is mainly a cable bridge crossing while the north line of the south road is mianly zhengbojin, qingshijin and shichengjin, and the south line of the south route is the ferry of heguan county. The ferry on the north line of North Road and South Road blocks the traffic to or from Qinghai to Hexi so the two ferries in the north and south played a crucial part in the management of the northwest frontier during Han Dynasty. Exploring the original setting reasons and sites of each ferry on the Yellow River is conductive to the gradual restoration of the silk Road traffic routes, landway and waterway transportation hubs, promoting the exploration and protection of the transport historical and cultural heritage at the intersection of the Yellow River and Silk Road, and then enhance the connotation of cultural tourism.

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