scholarly journals The Année Sociologique as Training Ground for Sociology: Durkheim, Mauss, and the Art of Book Reviewing in Fin de Siècle France

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-129
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Barberis
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Training ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Formal Program ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Alter Ego

This chapter focuses on a specific aspect of the efforts of Durkheim and his colleagues to institutionalize sociology as a scientific research discipline in France in the late nineteenth century: the graduate training of emerging sociologists. This training posed several challenges at its inception, such as the lack of a formal program of education and of dedicated faculty or facilities. One way that Durkheim and his associates worked around their relative lack of resources was through the foundation of the Année sociologique. This journal was a discipline building enterprise: it was a collective undertaking, it discussed a wide variety of material, and it organized the intellectual division of labor in a number of subfields, effectively defining the discipline of sociology by its choices of authors and books for review. Durkheim, as the hub of the enterprise, and Mauss, as his closest collaborator and ‘alter ego’, reviewed all submissions, suggested revisions and insisted on examining everything in the smallest detail. This extensive work of editing formed the style of professional reviews of their collaborators. Durkheim encouraged and directed the research work of his younger teammates, providing them with guidance in producing original articles in the field of sociology, offering models of scientific research in the field, and helping them obtain academic appointments. A large part of this work of training was conducted via correspondence, due to the geographical distance between the members of the group. This chapter examines the practices of training in writing, their transfer across generations, and their significance to the success of the group.

Ber Borochov's “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology”

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Trachtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

ArgumentBer Borochov (1881–1917), the Marxist Zionist revolutionary who founded the political party Poyle Tsien (Workers of Zion), was also one of the key theoreticians of Yiddish scholarship. His landmark 1913 essay, “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology,” was his first contribution to the field and crowned him as its chief ideologue. Modeled after late nineteenth-century European movements of linguistic nationalism, “The Tasks” was the first articulation of Yiddish scholarship as a discrete field of scientific research. His tasks ranged from the practical: creating a standardized dictionary and grammar, researching the origins and development of the language, and establishing a language institute; to the overtly ideological: the “nationalizing and humanizing” of the Yiddish language and its speakers. The essay brought a new level of sophistication to the field, established several of its ideological pillars, and linked Yiddish scholarship to the material needs of the Jewish people. Although “The Tasks” was greeted with a great deal of skepticism upon its publication, after his death, Borochov became widely accepted as the “founder” of modern Yiddish studies.

Some Late Nineteenth Century Perspectives on Sex and Emotional Expression

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen B. Braaten ◽  
Wayne Viney
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Nineteenth

A review of nineteenth century popular literature indicates a deep and sustained public interest in sex differences in emotional expression. The conclusions advanced by popular writers included a catalog of perceived sex differences, reinforced by an essentialist philosophy that provided justification for the separation of sexual spheres and restrictions on political, educational, and vocational opportunities for women. Current scientific research on sex differences appears in popular media and is often presented in the context of an essentialist philosophy comparable with that which was dominant in the nineteenth century. Unfortunately, the subtleties and complexities of sex differences are not always communicated to the public and there is thus a potential for misinterpretation or even misuse.

Disciplining , Animalizing Ambition

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Osterweis
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Control ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black Swan ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
Darren Aronofsky

By paying particular attention to the role of the dancing body inBlack Swan(2010), this chapter interrogates the status of virtuosity and performance in a film that insists on the horror of transformation.Swan Lakeis significant in dance history for introducing thefouettéturn, the modern mark of female virtuosity in ballet from the late nineteenth century onward. Director Darren Aronofsky relies upon filmic techniques to invoke the dismantling effects of ballet technique, demonstrating how the pursuit of virtuosity narrates a story of the attainment, surpassing, and failure of technique. He does so by drawing upon lowbrow “body genres” (Linda Williams) to depict an otherwise highbrow art form.Black Swanportrays artistic ambition through a ballerina’s (and Odette/Odile’s) erratic transformation from human to animal. Mirroring, doubling, and reversibility (Vivian Sobchack) are tropes for Nina (Natalie Portman) and her alter-ego. Embodied by Nina and Lily (Mila Kunis), self andotherperform a necessarily entangled pas de deux, one in which the seemingly perfect image of the other simultaneously haunts and motivates the dancer, a figure for whom psychological control diminishes as artistic control accrues.

Building the “World's Pharmacy”: The Rise of the German Pharmaceutical Industry, 1871–1914

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
World War I ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Research Intensity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Product Portfolios

The German pharmaceutical industry dominated global drug creation from the late nineteenth century to World War I. Most of the industry's products were based on extensive scientific research. However, the research intensity of products varied across companies and intensified over time. A main contribution of this article is thus to identify different groups of firms within the industry and provide an analysis of their product portfolios before 1914. This essay embeds scientific developments in a coevolutionary framework of science, firms, and institutions and shows that the industry's research capabilities were complemented by other important factors for corporate success.

scholarly journals Political Imbroglios in Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire and Mohammad Hanif’s A Case of Exploding Mangoes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi ◽  
Sania Muqqadas ◽  
Sobia Sikander
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Do So

This research work aims at to scrutinize two novels of Pakistani writers, Mohammad Hanif’s A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008) and Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire (2017) comparatively. Hanif’s novel is about the ruling era of General Zia-ul-Haq and Shamsie’s novel is about the difficulties of Muslim migrants in a foreign country. The purpose of this study is to accentuate the working of politics and political imbroglios at personal, social, civil/political, and military level; intermingling of religious values into political values; and conversion of politics into capitalism through Marxism theory which is originated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, taken from Lois Tyson’s book Critical theory today (2006). The researchers have substantiated through the comparative analysis of both novels that the use of politics in a positive way becomes the cause of peace and prosperity and the use of it negatively becomes the cause of creating disintegration and demolition in the society. This study spotlighted that whatever people do in their life, they do so to get personal benefits, political advantages and economic power. Conspicuous findings of the study reveal that both novels explicate intricate ideologies at personal, political, cultural and somewhat emotional levels. The novels display themes and stories, with slight manipulation of political and cultural facts and realities.

scholarly journals Encountering Colonial Worlds Through Missionary Maps in the Late-Nineteenth-Century Grand Duchy of Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-222
Author(s):  
Johanna Skurnik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Geographical Imaginations ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
European Populations

AbstractThis chapter examines how the Finnish Missionary Society utilized mass-produced maps and related reading materials to fuel geographical imaginations that concerned non-European populations and lands to gain support for the missionary cause between 1859 and the mid-1890s. The chapter shows how the maps and texts entangled the Finnish audiences with the processes of colonization in complex ways: they reproduced discussions concerning human difference, generated geographies of cannibalism, and entwined Finnish missionary work with discourse of colonial philanthropy. Once the FMS started its own mission in Owambo, the maps were utilized to bridge the geographical distance and make the colonial space of “Ovamboland” their own.

The Problem of Recruitment for the Indian Civil Service During the Late Nineteenth Century

1971 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Spangenberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Historians have continued to view the Indian Civil Service (i.e., the British Indian bureaucracy or the “Covenanted Civil Service”) of the late nineteenth century as a highly popular and exclusive career for university-trained men in England. This is one specific aspect of the I.C.S. mydiology which views the nineteenth century British administrators in India as a superior body of highly efficient administrators. The sources, however, do not support the notions of exdusiveness and popularity. Even in the early years of the competition system, inaugurated in 1855, the caliber and educational background of the candidates failed to reach the high expectations of the Civil Service Commissioners. In the years between 1855 and 1874, both the number of nonuniversity candidates and nonuniversity recruits increased steadily. By 1874, nonuniversity men constituted over 74 percent of the competition candidates and approximately 55 percent of the selected recruits. In the same period, the representation of the Great English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) in the competition fell dramatically. Oxbridge students took 60 percent of the available positions in 1858, but only 18 percent of those offered in 1871. A disappointed British aristocracy (i.e., ruling class) became increasingly critical and apprehensive as to the future of the service. The secretary of state for India instituted a new system of recruitment in 1876, lowering the age limit for examination to 19 in hopes that the best students from the public schools would seek admittance. According to eminent spokesmen, such as Benjamin Jowett and Lord Ripon, the Viceroy Salisbury's reforms proved unsuccessful. The better students did not enter die competition, and a majority of the candidates came from unpretentious social and educational backgrounds. Authorities introduced other devices diroughout the remainder of the century to improve recruitment, but none achieved any improvement.The reasons for the relative unpopularity of the I.C.S. careers were legion and included a complex mixture of the following factors: arrogant criticism voiced by the aristocracy concerning alleged low social origins of the civilian recruits; the general stigma attached to any close connection with India among the British aristocracy; the several and increasing grievances of the civilians, which the aristocratic ruling class did little to ameliorate; the pressures of Indian educated elements for employment in the I.C.S.; the declining value of the rupee; the widening spheres of professional employment in England; and what may be called the “natural” disadvantages of an Indian career.

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