The State of Nature

2021 ◽  
pp. 270-289
Author(s):  
Michael Smith
Keyword(s):  
Actual World ◽  
The State ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
States Of Nature

The chapter assumes that the state of nature is the state of the world prior to the existence of social rules, and then goes on to argue for the following claims. (1) We have reasons for action in the state of nature. (2) In those state of nature worlds in which we all know what reasons for action we have and are motivated to act on them—for short, those worlds in which we are ideal—these reasons for action would support our exiting the state of nature, that is, our creating and maintaining certain social rules. (3) The social rules we have reasons to create would include social rules telling us what to do in both worlds in which we are ideal and nearby worlds in which we are non-ideal. (4) These need not be rules that we have any reason to abide by in the actual world in which we are non-ideal. (5) Thinking about the role of social rules in fixing what we have reason to do in those states of nature in which we are ideal and non-ideal suggests a complicated and novel story about what we have knowledge of, insofar as we have knowledge of what we have reason to do in the actual world in which social rules exist willy-nilly.

Civil Society in Kuwait: Challenges and Solutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Z. Al-Zuabi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Abstract Civil society organisations are an integral part of today’s societies throughout the world. They are the main partners of the state, along with the private sector, in the process of developing civil society. Here, we analyse various aspects of the social development of Kuwaiti society, the development strategies of the state, the challenges faced, and the role of civil society organisations by gathering and assessing information using structured questionnaires and statistical methods. The results reveal that civil associations are indispensable in the sustainable development of the state, especially considering the current economic and social challenges experienced in human societies. The study identifies internal and external challenges associated with implementing market-controlling mechanisms and directives for multifarious development under the private sector without inhibiting its growth. The article concludes by identifying the dominant obstacles and challenges development programs of Kuwait face and defines a set of mechanisms capable of solving those challenges effectively.

A Film-progressive Nation: The Social Denmark Series and the British Documentary Movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Democratic Nation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

In the immediate post-WWII period, Danish documentary filmmaking was recognised overseas as productive and of high quality. This chapter tells the story of a collaboration between Ministeriernes Filmudvalg and the British Documentary Movement, which resulted in a package or series of five films made for the foreign market and entitled Social Denmark. The British documentarist Arthur Elton was invited to Copenhagen to oversee the production of one or more films which would promote newly-liberated Denmark to the world as a modern, progressive, democratic nation. Elton’s report on the state of Danish documentary and recommendations for its further development is discussed in detail as a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in international informational film production and distribution. Informational filmmaking was regarded in and of itself as a progressive act. The film People’s Holiday (Søren Melson, 1947) is analysed as an example of the Social Denmark films. The impact of conflicting political and aesthetic interests on its production is discussed, as well as the routes by which ‘facts’ emerge as such in the film, and its reception. The role of the auteur Carl Th. Dreyer in the production and promotion of Social Denmark is also considered.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN CULTURE IN CIVIL SOCIETY FOR RAISING THE SOCIAL ROLE OF SPECIAL SERVICES

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2115-2118
Author(s):  
Stanislava Dimitrova Milachkova
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Special Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

Educational institutions play a key role in shaping a modern civil culture in society around the world, because without adequate civil education it is inconceivable to implement quality civilian control over special services. Civil education is a necessary process of learning practical knowledge and skills and shaping competencies for personal development and improvement, for structuring a democratic society, for laws, rights and responsibilities that provide opportunities for real participation in public life. Training for human rights and civil liability and duty, the position of a pupil-citizen, by adopting the principles and values that serve as the foundation and organization of democracy and the republic, the knowledge of the institutions and the laws by developing the rules in the social and political life, exercise and ability to properly justify. So they would find meaning in the individual and the collective responsibilities in their active citizenship. Civil education contributes to the development of a critical spirit, but through the exercise of arguments for reasoning and more accurate decision-making, reasoning and judgment. Through educational institutions, young citizens are prepared to conduct dialogue, debate, resolve conflicts, and embrace forms of civil communication and interaction with special services. This is a basic approach to the basic concepts - man and citizen. Within even the small city, through the education of democratic citizenship, new moral values are being built and active participation in the civil processes of the small community is taking place. The duty of adolescents to become aware of citizens' rights and obligations, norms of conduct and values in a democratic society, as well as the promotion of the role of special services in the Republic of Bulgaria, will prepare them for training and stability as active citizens of the world. Civil education forms a citizen. Civil society, as a public way of life, can function properly only on the basis of an adequate knowledge of the laws of the Republic of Bulgaria and the moral-legal will applying this knowledge in real life. Civil society is the sphere of social activity that focuses on the degree of socio-economic development of society and directly determines the state. The typing of the state has its objective basis in the typography of civil society. Each civil society is a system of human needs and means to meet them, labor, socio-economic, legal and other subject-practical and conscious-volitional relations, as well as a system of human rights organizations and various social institutions. The duty of the national education system to civil society is to build the citizen - the bearer of national self-awareness, civil culture, moral and moral-legal will. Only such a citizen will, in the course of his life, reproduce civil society in accordance with the national idea.

scholarly journals Andrey Zvyagintsev’s Leviathan: The Unbearable State of Nature

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Krzyżanowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Legitimate Power ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Law And Justice

Leviathan by Andrey Zvyagintsev is a  movie that depicts the world in a  state of nature, with no prospects for creating a Hobbesian social contract. Set in the Russian peripheries, the film depicts a respected and caring family man who is gradually deprived of everything because of lack of political order with enforceable law and justice. The movie is a depiction of a contemporary “failed state”, equalized with the state of nature, where there is no legitimate power and violence remains the only tool to achieve goals both in private and public spheres. Religion consists of empty rituals that serve corrupt officials to maintain power. This world cannot last without innocent victims, scapegoats of the society, one of whom is the protagonist of the movie. This paper offers a legal and philosophical inquiry into the film, as it draws especially on the theory of the social contract proposed by Hobbes. It depicts a Russian town as a symbol of the state of nature as envisioned by Hobbes and describes the reasons why the social contract has not been made. According to Hobbes’s theory, in the state of nature concepts like justice and injustice do not convey any meaning; therefore, this paper investigates other: theological and anthropological concepts, to explore the meaning of Zvyagintsev’s Leviathan.

scholarly journals أثر النفط في تطور التعليم والوضع الاجتماعي للمرأة في الكويت 1946 – 1973

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab Rasheed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Status Of Women

Abstract:In general, the oil topic is one of the topics that requires more attention and research because of being influential in all aspects of economic, social and political life. Therefore, we chose the topic of the effect of the effect of oil on the development of education and the social status of women in Kuwait 1946-1973.The country witnessed many changes during the discovery of oil and its export, then the revenues that contributed to reviving the Kuwaiti economy, which in turn contributed to the emergence of influences on the social reality. After it was exported in 1946 and ended in 1973, the year in which Arab countries used oil as a weapon against Western countries that sympathized with Israel in its war with Arab countries.In addition to the above, oil is an important natural resource for the social structure, including Kuwait. It is also one of the basic foundations of the state. The social development taking place in Kuwait was a result of the increase in oil revenues and its impact on the creation of new organizations, institutions and departments in Kuwait as educational institutions from schools and Kuwait University to sending many students through scholarships to abroad to study. Those components that changed many social perceptions towards Kuwaiti women who were living under the weight of customs and traditions that obscured their roles in society._____________________(⁎) Research extracted from Master's thesisThe importance of studying the topic of oil and social transformations in Kuwait came because oil is one of the most valuable natural resources in the world. That is why some called it “black gold.” It might be better to describe it as the lifeline of most countries, as it is based on a large and diverse activity characterized by its complexity, and the breadth of its political, economic and social effects. The economic factor in most stages and cases is one of the most important factors and even the most dangerous impact on the economic and social conditions of any country in the world. From this standpoint, the study aims to explain the role of oil revenues in improving the economic conditions of Kuwait, which in turn contributed to the establishment of schools in its various stages and for both sexes, boys and girls, that have contributed to changing the thinking of social groups and their perception of the status of women and their roles in building the state and society.In light of the foregoing, a structure was developed for the study consisting of an introduction and three sections in addition to conclusions. We have devoted the introduction to the study of “discovering oil in Kuwait and increasing its revenues from 1946 to 1973,” while the first section is “aspects of social life in Kuwait 1946-1973.” As for the second section that deals with the study of "the role of oil in the emergence of educational institutions in Kuwait," and the third and final section deals with "the impact of oil in changing the reality of Kuwaiti women."

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

The transformation of the Russian notary in the new economic realities

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
KONSTANTIN A. KORSIK ◽  
◽  
ANASTASIYA A. PARFENCHIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
World Development

The article is devoted to the review of current changes in the legislation on notaries related to the development of electronic civil circulation, analysis of existing digital risks and assessment of the role of notaries in combating them. In modern economic realities, a significant expansion of the sphere of competence of the notary is carried out by introducing completely new notarial actions into the scope of the notary’s terms of reference. At the same time, the notary does not just follow the general ‘digital’ trend, but independently makes significant efforts to effectively perform the tasks of the social sphere regulator assigned to it by the state. The creation of the Unified Notary Information System as part of the formation of the technological infrastructure to ensure the security and stability of legal relations in the context of electronic civil circulation takes to a new level the quality of notarial services and the security of legally relevant information. The role of notaries significantly increases in conditions when the use of digital technologies in the economy, public administration, social sphere becomes one of the main vectors of world development, and society and the state inevitably face the flip side of this process – digital risks that jeopardize the safety of participants in civil turnover and their property. In 2020, as part of the implementation of the national program ‘Digital Economy’, it is planned to introduce a number of innovations that will create the basis for a stable and secure ‘digital’ turnover.

Presence, Environment, and Sound and the Role of Imagination

2019 ◽  
pp. 667-681
Author(s):  
Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Actual World ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Dimension ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First Person Shooter ◽  
Selection Of

Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard addresses the role of sound in the creation of presence in virtual and actual worlds. He argues that imagination is a central part of the generation and selection of perceptual hypotheses—models of the world in which we can act—that emerge from what Grimshaw-Aagaard calls the “exo-environment” (the sensory input) and the “endo-environment” (the cognitive input). Grimshaw-Aagaard further divides the exo-environment into a primarily auditory and a primarily visual dimension and he deals with the actual world of his own apartment and the virtual world of first-person-shooter computer games in order to exemplify how we perceptually construct an environment that allows for the creation of presence.

scholarly journals Robots as intelligent assistants to face COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Seidita ◽  
Francesco Lanza ◽  
Arianna Pipitone ◽  
Antonio Chella
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Intelligent Assistants

Abstract Motivation The epidemic at the beginning of this year, due to a new virus in the coronavirus family, is causing many deaths and is bringing the world economy to its knees. Moreover, situations of this kind are historically cyclical. The symptoms and treatment of infected patients are, for better or worse even for new viruses, always the same: more or less severe flu symptoms, isolation and full hygiene. By now man has learned how to manage epidemic situations, but deaths and negative effects continue to occur. What about technology? What effect has the actual technological progress we have achieved? In this review, we wonder about the role of robotics in the fight against COVID. It presents the analysis of scientific articles, industrial initiatives and project calls for applications from March to now highlighting how much robotics was ready to face this situation, what is expected from robots and what remains to do. Results The analysis was made by focusing on what research groups offer as a means of support for therapies and prevention actions. We then reported some remarks on what we think is the state of maturity of robotics in dealing with situations like COVID-19.

THE ROLE OF LIBERAL IDEOLOGY IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Irina N. Mysliaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Liberal Ideology

The article examines the causes and directions of transformation of the social functions of the state. The role of liberal ideology in changing the forms and methods of state social policy in the context of globalization is determined. The interrelation between specific measures of social support of the population and the interests of large transnational capital in modern society is revealed.

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