Spatiotemporal Structure

Physics, Structure, and Reality ◽

10.1093/oso/9780192894106.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 128-170

Author(s):

Jill North

Keyword(s):

Space Time ◽

Spatiotemporal Structure ◽

To Come

This chapter applies our reasoning about structure in physics to the debate about spacetime ontology. The discussion starts by explaining why the traditional debate about the existence of space(time) may well be at a stalemate: each side has plausible responses to the usual cases aimed against it. It then argues that reconstruing the debate as being about the fundamentality of spatiotemporal structure yields a substantive dispute that is relevant to current and future physics. It argues that the epistemic principles governing structure support substantivalism over relationalism, given current formulations of physics, and challenges the relationalist to come up with reformulations that meet certain criteria. The idea of direct formulations of physical theories and why they are preferable is also discussed.

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Diodorus Cronus (late 4th–early 3rd centuries BC)

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-a040-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nicholas Denyer

Keyword(s):

Space Time ◽

Contemporary Debate ◽

Master Argument ◽

Greek Philosopher ◽

To Come ◽

Definition Of

The most famous member of the Dialectical school, the Greek philosopher Diodorus Cronus maintained various paradoxical theses. He argued that any attempt to divide space, time or matter must end with little regions, periods or bodies that cannot further be divided; hence, he inferred, things cannot be in motion. Diodorus also contributed to the contemporary debate on conditionals: one proposition implies another, he held, if and only if it never has been possible, and is not now possible, to have the former proposition true and the latter proposition false. Diodorus is however most famous for inventing the master argument. The master argument relied on two assumptions: that every past truth is necessary, and that the impossible does not follow from the possible. It concluded, on these assumptions, that no proposition is possible unless it either is true or will be. The master argument was designed to support Diodorus’ definition of possibility: a proposition is possible if and only if it either is or will be true. This definition is not exactly tantamount to the fatalist doctrine that all truths are necessary, but it was felt to come too close to fatalism for comfort.

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Secondary meanings of the Verb chyk= ~ sykh= ‘to go out, to leave’ in Southern Siberian Turkic languages and Kipchak languages

Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia ◽

10.25205/2312-6337-2020-1-85-99 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 85-99

Author(s):

O. Yu. Shagdurova ◽

E. V. Tyuntesheva

Keyword(s):

World View ◽

Space Time ◽

Semantic Structure ◽

Time Interval ◽

Motion Verbs ◽

Temporal Intervals ◽

Turkic Languages ◽

Temporal Aspect ◽

Linguistic Groups ◽

To Come

The article describes the semantic structure of one of the most polysemantic motion verbs in Turkic languages, namely the verb čïq= ~ sïx= and the correlating Tuvan verb ün=. The secondary meanings of these verbs in South- ern Siberian Turkic languages (Altai, Khakas, Tuvan) are analyzed in comparison with Kipchak languages. The verb čïq= ~ sïx= has been actively developing its meaning since it was fixed in the ancient Turkic monuments. This verb was found to possess similar meanings in various Turkic languages. At the same time, čïq= ~ sïx= is combined with different words in these languages. Regional values or values specific to specific languages are also detected. The languages under consideration are divided according to the action values expressed by constructions with the verb čïq= and its analogs: the beginning in the Turkic languages of Siberia and the completion, exhaustion of action in non-Siberian languages. It may be a manifestation of Mongolian influence on the Siberian languages, since the semantics of initialization is characteristic of the Mongolian gar=, the semantic structure of which is almost similar to the Turkic čïq= and ün=. The secondary meanings of the verb considered reflect the representations of linguistic groups associated with such concepts as top / bottom, previous / subsequent (in time). The semantics of čïq= ~ sïx= and ün= reflects the spatial-temporal aspect of the Turkic world view. These verbs combine the meanings of various vectors of direction (horizontally and vertically), as well as motions taking place on various spatial-temporal intervals, including the opposite ones: the manifestation of an object / the beginning of an action (to appear / to begin; to begin, to start some activity); the action during some space-time interval (to overcome any space / to overcome any period; to happen, to occur); the disappearance of an object / the completion of an action (to disappear / to come to an end; to finish, to complete some activity).

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‘Eternity Shut in a Span’: The Times of God Incarnate

10.1093/oso/9780198806967.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Robin Le Poidevin

Keyword(s):

Jesus Christ ◽

Space Time ◽

God The Father ◽

To Come ◽

The Times

Consider these central tenets of the Christian creeds: God the Father is the creator of all things; God the Son is of one substance with the Father; the Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Is there a tension between these? Perhaps. Consider the following: ‘if the Father is creator of all things including time, then he must be in some sense outside time. And as the Son is of one substance with the Father, then he too must be outside time. But becoming incarnate is to come to be in time, and no timeless being can become temporal.’ We may call this problem ‘the temporal paradox of the incarnation.’ This paper argues that the problem is especially acute on a substantivalist conception of (space-)time, according to which(space-)time is independent of its contents, and it explores an alternative, reductionist picture which offers a resolution of the temporal paradox of the incarnation.

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Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international ◽

10.1017/s0069005800006652 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 263-290

Author(s):

J. Anthony VanDuzer

Keyword(s):

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Minimum Standards ◽

The North ◽

State Behaviour ◽

Nafta Chapter 11 ◽

To Come ◽

The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006756x ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 114-115

Author(s):

P. A. Madden ◽

W. R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Secondary Electron ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Silver Paint ◽

To Come ◽

Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

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The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100153403 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 286-287

Author(s):

C.K. Hou ◽

C.T. Hu ◽

Sanboh Lee

Keyword(s):

Annealing Treatment ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Electrical Steels ◽

Vacuum Degassing ◽

Spherical Inclusions ◽

Residual Aluminum ◽

Average Grain Size ◽

The Matrix ◽

Fine Size ◽

To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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