scholarly journals Social Mobility and Horizontal Inequality

2021 ◽  
pp. 398-423
Author(s):  
Patricia Funjika ◽  
Rachel M. Gisselquist
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Horizontal Inequality ◽  
Global North ◽  
Lower Mobility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vertical Inequality ◽  
Horizontal Inequalities ◽  
Over Time

Research on social mobility has paid considerable attention to links with inequality. The vast majority of this work, however, has focused on ‘vertical’ inequality between individuals or households, rather than ‘horizontal’ inequality between groups in society. This chapter speaks to the latter, with focus on the persistence over time of horizontal inequalities between ethnic and culturally defined groups. Not only is such persistence due to low intergenerational mobility overall, we argue, it also is due to lower mobility for disadvantaged as compared with advantaged groups in many societies. Group-based discrimination, among other factors, contributes. We posit further that the relationship between low mobility and persistent horizontal inequality is a comparatively larger problem for Global South as compared to Global North countries, because they are, on average, contexts with lower intergenerational mobility, higher horizontal inequality, and weaker state capability and the rule of law.

Muslim Origins and Destinations

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Tahir Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Global North ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Downward Social Mobility

Patterns of racism in the Global North are correlated with the changing nature of globalization and its impact on individual economies, especially over the last four decades. The ‘left behind’ are groups in society who have faced considerable downward social mobility, with some becoming targeted by the mainstream and fringe right-wing groups who do this to release their pent up frustration towards the center of political and economic power. How this form of racism has evolved over time to focus on race, ethnicity, culture and now religion is explored in relation to the UK case, discussing the rise of Trump and the issue of Brexit as symptoms of a wider malaise affecting societies of the Global North. These forms of tribalism act to galvanize the right, combining racism with white supremacy, xenophobia and isolationism.

“Caballito blanco, ¡vuelve pa’ tu pueblo!”: Troubling and reclaiming the historical foundations of Chilean early childhood education

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Galdames Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Curriculum And Pedagogy ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Education Field

In accordance with the white patriarchal foundations of the early childhood education field of the global north, Chile’s early childhood education has a colonial and androcentric origin which has been left unquestioned. Reviews of Chilean early childhood education omit/ignore other socio-political agendas, such as class, gender, and ethnicity that still shape the current landscape. This article reconstructs the foundations of Chilean early childhood education through a reconceptualized mestiza history of the present. This approach challenges the neutrality of Chilean early childhood education and seeks to reclaim it by examining the underpinning regimes of truth that re-colonize children and women moving within and inhabiting the field. Analyses show how two main strands shape(d) early childhood education and care: social (and currently, multiagency) policies, and curriculum and pedagogy. The relationship between these strands has been recursive and contradictory and overlapping over time. However, their mixture creates an illusion of literal transposition as a syncretic effect, which under close examination exposes its fault lines.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and Conflict Events in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mansoob Murshed ◽  
Muhammad Badiuzzaman ◽  
Rashel Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Horizontal Inequality ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
Conflict Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vertical Inequality

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between food insecurity and conflict events short of war in Africa, taking account of a host of mediating factors, including the degree of inequality, the level of development, democratic quality, quality of governance and the degree of government expenditure, which we incorporate into our analysis. Our results suggest that food price volatility does contribute significantly to conflict events measured by political events in Africa (ACLED). Greater democracy can engender more conflict, but in a non-linear fashion. The broader V-DEM participatory index of democracy also encourages more protest. Our governance variables are significant, emphasising the salience of state capacity in this regard. An innovation of our study is the inclusion of inequality. We deploy two metrics of vertical inequality: the GINI coefficient and the broader V-DEM egalitarian index. The GINI index of income inequality has a counter-intuitive statistically insignificant sign, suggesting that greater income equality or middle-class share of income results in greater political unrest. We also utilise political measures of inter-group horizontal inequality which significantly engender conflict risk.

scholarly journals Too early to declare a general law of social mobility and heritability for education (reply to Engzell and Tropf, 2019)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Matthew Morris
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Relationship

Engzell and Tropf (2019) find a positive association between intergenerational mobility and heritability for educational attainment. However, we cannot be confident of the relationship between these two variables until this question is revisited with: a) samples which contain data on both twins and their parents/offspring, b) models which precision-weight those samples, and c) models which test the consistency of the relationship across scientifically salient subgroups.

scholarly journals Intergenerational economic mobility in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
Intragenerational Mobility ◽  
Structural Mobility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intergenerational mobility is about the relationship between people’s outcomes and their childhood family circumstances. Researchers have sometimes defined intergenerational economic mobility as being about the extent to which an adult’s income and occupation are determined by their own talents and ambition, irrespective of their family background (Blanden, Gregg and Machin, 2005, p.2). This type of intergenerational mobility differs from the structural mobility that happens when average incomes and job quality improve over time, and is sometimes also different from the intragenerational mobility that occurs when individuals change jobs or advance in their career (Aldridge, 2005). Because of social and political interest in equality of opportunity and economic efficiency, intergenerational economic mobility has been of increasing interest to researchers.

Intra-generational and Intergenerational Social Mobility: Evidence from Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-397
Author(s):  
Cuong Viet Nguyen ◽  
Lam Tran Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Labour Mobility ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
University Degree ◽  
Over Time ◽  
College Or University

This study examines intra-generational and intergenerational mobility of employment and income in Vietnam during the 2004–2014 period. It finds there was high mobility across occupations but less mobility across wage-job employment and economic sectors. Upward labour mobility increased over time because of the increase in skilled occupations. The intergenerational elasticity of earnings is estimated at around 0.36. Education plays an important role in increasing intra-generational as well as intergenerational mobility. The earning intergenerational elasticity for children with less than primary education is rather high, at 0.51, while this intergenerational elasticity for those with a college or university degree is much lower at 0.17.

scholarly journals How Effective Is Fiscal Decentralization for Inequality Reduction in Developing Countries?

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Kumba Digdowiseiso ◽  
Syed M. Murshed ◽  
Sylvia I. Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Horizontal Inequality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vertical Inequality ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The relationship between fiscal decentralization and vertical inequality has long received attention by fiscal federalism theorists. However, horizontal inequality has been largely overlooked. This study will present a novel empirical examination of the relationship between fiscal decentralization, vertical inequality, and horizontal inequality. Specifically, it will focus on how institutional quality and military expenditure affect the fiscal decentralization–inequality nexus across 33 developing countries in the period 1990–2014. Findings indicate that varieties of fiscal authority have a significant effect on distribution of income and ethnic inequality. This depends on the level of institutions and defense spending achieved by these developing countries.

scholarly journals Child-rearing values: The impact of intergenerational class mobility

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Sieben
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Situation

This study contrasts two theoretical perspectives on the relationship between intergenerational class mobility and child-rearing values. According to the dissociative thesis, which describes social mobility as a disruptive experience leading to insecurity, social isolation, stress and frustration, socially mobile individuals less often prefer community-oriented qualities such as tolerance and respect for other people, unselfishness, good manners and obedience. The beneficiary thesis, on the other hand, predicts that socially mobile individuals have a stronger preference for individual-based values such as hard work, determination, responsibility, independence and thrift. In both cases, these mobility effects are thought to be stronger for more extremely mobile individuals and for downwardly mobile compared with upwardly mobile individuals. However, using Dutch data from the European Values Study 2008, hardly any significant intergenerational mobility effects are found. Maybe intergenerational mobility is not such an extraordinary experience as mobility theory would lead us to believe, or mobile individuals adjust themselves very quickly to their new situation.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

Power Values and Power Distance Moderate the Relationship Between Workplace Supervisory Power and Job Satisfaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Workplace Power ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Person–job (or needs–supplies) discrepancy/fit theories posit that job satisfaction depends on work supplying what employees want and thus expect associations between having supervisory power and job satisfaction to be more positive in individuals who value power and in societies that endorse power values and power distance (e.g., respecting/obeying superiors). Using multilevel modeling on 30,683 European Social Survey respondents from 31 countries revealed that overseeing supervisees was positively associated with job satisfaction, and as hypothesized, this association was stronger among individuals with stronger power values and in nations with greater levels of power values or power distance. The results suggest that workplace power can have a meaningful impact on job satisfaction, especially over time in individuals or societies that esteem power.

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