Dimensional Analysis and Similitude

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jon Furbish
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Slip Condition ◽  
Flow Problems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Physical Quantities

Some fluid flow problems are sufficiently simple that they can be treated mathematically in a straightforward way, making use of definitions of physical quantities, and taking into account initial and boundary conditions. For example, our derivation of the average velocity in a conduit with parallel walls (Example Problem 3.7.1) was obtained in a straightforward way once we specified the geometry of the problem, then made use of the definition of a Newtonian fluid and the no-slip condition. Whereas this type of analysis may work for some problems, it would be misleading to think that such direct approaches to solving problems are, in principle, always possible, hinging only on one’s mathematical skills and adeptness in specifying the geometry of a problem. Herein arise two noteworthy points. First, when initially examining a problem, one can sometimes obtain a clear idea of the desired solution before attempting a formal mathematical analysis. The means to do this, as we shall see below, is supplied by dimensional analysis, and it is a strategy that ought to be adopted in many circumstances. In fact, it is worth noting that dimensional analysis underlies many of the problems presented in this text. The advantage of knowing the form of a desired solution, of course, is that one has a clear target to guide the subsequent mathematical analysis. Indeed, this is the vantage point from which many classic problems, for example Stokes’s law for settling spheres, were initially examined. Second, a complete mathematical formulation of a problem may not be possible, due to the complexity of the problem, or due to absence of information required to constrain the mathematics of the problem. As a simple example, suppose that we were unaware of the no-slip condition in our analysis of the conduit-flow problem (Example Problem 3.7.1). Our analysis in this case would have essentially ended with (3.70), with the constant of integration C undetermined. Nevertheless, we could get close to our result (3.75) for the average velocity by another way.

scholarly journals A FUZZY FRONT-END PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR START-UPS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Nuno Miguel Martins Pacheco ◽  
Anand Vazhapilli Sureshbabu ◽  
Masaru Charles Nürnberger ◽  
Laura Isabel Durán Noy ◽  
Markus Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Fuzzy Front End ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Front End ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Extended Approach ◽  
Role Based ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Start Ups

AbstractStart-ups tend to form with a central idea that differentiates them from their competitors in the market. It is crucial for them to efficiently transform the idea into a marketable product. Prototyping helps to iteratively achieve a minimum viable product and plays a crucial role by enabling teams to test their ideas with limited resources early on. However, the prototyping process may have wrong focus leading to a suboptimal allocation of resources. Previously, we proposed role-based prototyping for fuzzy front-end development in small teams. It supports (1) resource allocation, (2) the definition of responsibilities, and (3) structuring the development process with milestones. In recent research this was a promising yet incomplete approach. We extend the previous work by refining the prototyping process by adding a prototyping matrix with two dimensions (purpose and lens), a prototyping cycle (plan, execute, test, reflect, assimilate), and a modified Kanban board (Protoban) for planning, managing, and reflecting cycles. This process, named PETRA was tested with a start-up developing an autonomous trash picking robot. The extended approach supported the team significantly in providing a clear idea of what to do at what time.

Arminianism and the English Parliament, 1624–1629

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
The University ◽  
Strong Suspicion

“Oh, Mr. Pym, this breaks the heart,” lamented Sir Richard Grosvenor in the House of Commons in 1629; “if God be God, let us follow him, and if Baal be God, let us follow him, and no longer halt between two opinions.” The Baalites, it was clear to the Commons, were the Arminians, who threatened “the very ruin and desolation if not dissolution of Religion in this land.” Such was the threat of Arminianism that when the Commons presented its Protestations on March 2, the first article read,Whosoever shall bring in innovation in Religion, or by favour or countenance, seek to extend or introduce Popery or Arminianism or other opinions disagreeing from the true and orthodox Church, shall be reputed a capital enemy to this Kingdom and Commonwealth.This was no ordinary condemnation of schism or theological haggling. The members of the Commons shared a strong suspicion of Arminianism as a political as well as religious heresy. They had a clear idea of what English Arminianism was and who was an Arminian. Before 1624, no Englishman had even been accused of Arminianism, either in Parliament or in contemporary literature devoted to religious controversies. How did the definition of English Arminianism develop between 1624 and 1629? How did Arminianism, originally a moderate Dutch Calvinism, come to be considered along with Popery as a treasonable theology?At the turn of the seventeeth century, Jacobus Arminius, Divinity Reader at the University of Leyden, had proposed a theological compromise between Supralapsarian and Infralapsarian Protestantism.

The Use of Photogrammetry in Piping Design

1983 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Bracewell ◽  
U R Klement
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Process Industry ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Positional Data

Piping design for ‘revamp’ projects in the process industry requires the retrieval of large amounts of ‘as-built’ data from existing process plant installations. Positional data with a high degree of accuracy are required. Photogrammetry, the science of measurement from photographs, was identified in Imperial Chemical Industries plc (ICI) as a suitable tool for information retrieval. The mathematical formulation enabling the definition of three-dimensional positions from photographic information is described. The process of using ICI's photogrammetric system for the definition of complete objects such as structures and pipes is illustrated. The need for specialized photogrammetric software for design purposes is explained. A case study describing how the photogrammetric system has been applied is described and graphical outputs from this exercise are shown. It is concluded that this particular photogrammetric system has proved to be a cost effective and accurate tool for the retrieval of ‘as-built’ information.

Control Reversal Effects on Swept-Back Wings

1949 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
Haydn Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Physical Picture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

SummaryAileron reversal effects on swept-back wings in general and elevon reversal effects on tailless swept-back wings in particular are discussed on a non-mathematical basis, attention being confined to the orthodox flap type of control. The main purpose of the paper is to convey in the simplest terms possible a clear physical picture of the conditions producing loss of control power, emphasis being naturally laid upon the part played by structural wing distortion. Certain qualitative features relating to the two phenomena are also discussed. As a general introduction to the discussion on aileron reversal effects, the definition of “aileron power” in relation to the actual dynamic condition of rolling is described at some length. For elevon reversal effects on tailless aircraft the effect of wing flexibility on both “elevon power” and on trim in steady symmetric flight is considered. With the descriptive treatment adopted the analysis is of necessity broad and general but is designed to appeal to those not too familiar with the subject. The results of certain calculations on a hypothetical wing, which may be of interest, are included. A mathematical analysis for the quantitative estimation of both aileron and elevon reversal effects is given in the Appendix.

scholarly journals The Two-State Model and Israeli Constitutionalism

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Mazen Masri
Keyword(s):  
Vantage Point ◽  
The State ◽  
State Model ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
The People ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constitutional Regime ◽  
Two State Model

Partitioning historic Palestine into two states is often presented as the most plausible solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This article examines the potential impact of such a development on the Palestinian citizens of Israel (PCI), primarily from the vantage point of Israel's constitutional regime. The article explores three fundamental aspects of the Israeli constitutional system—its instability, the “Jewish and democratic” definition of the state, and the exclusion of the PCI from “the people” as the unit that holds sovereignty—and argues that the envisaged two-state solution will only reinforce the definition of Israel as a Jewish state and consequently provide further justification for the infringement on the rights of its Palestinian citizens.

Flow Velocity Coefficient Research on the Coexistence of Pipe Flow and Flow around Pipe

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 746-749
Author(s):  
Hong Bing Gao ◽  
Nan Sun ◽  
Liao Yang ◽  
Yu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Flow Problems ◽  
Relative Roughness ◽  
Velocity Coefficient ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Test Result

Based on Darcy - Weisbach route losses equation, this test is focused on the mixed-flow problems at low speed in big flow field, designing the experiment scheme, introducing its principle, and setting up the test rig. According to the test result data, we put forward the definition of flow speed coefficient and draw its curves, and described some related issues, such as reverse pressure phenomenon，reliability of flow simulation, roughness, and so on. The results showed that the flow speed in the pipe will get higher with the flow field increasing, and smaller relative roughness pipes. The flow speed coefficient x≤1 and its curves is monotone decreasing function and will be closer to a fixed value at last with V0’s increasing. This test will provide theoretical basis for increasing fluid energy’s utilization.

scholarly journals Angular Vectors in the Theory of Vectors

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Yevhen Mykolayovych Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Cross Product ◽  
Vector Form ◽  
Coordinate Vector ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical Quantities

The theory of angular vectors, which allows modelling of the properties of angular physical quantities, is considered. The meaning of the cross product of vectors was radically revised and changed. Formulas for finding torque and angular velocity in a coordinate-vector form with a correct mapping of their directions were deduced. Described definition of the inverse vector and its properties. The inversed vector allows us to perform vector division operations.

Interoperability and Constituents of Interoperable Systems in Public Sector

2009 ◽  
pp. 175-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dibakar Ray ◽  
Umesh Gulla ◽  
M. P. Gupta ◽  
Shefali S. Dash
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Layered Architecture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea

This chapter, based on analysis of literature, introduces a definition and a layered architecture for government information systems. It argues that the interoperability of information systems is essential in providing integrated government services, but unfortunately there is no consensus on what interoperability is and what constitutes interoperable information systems. By analysing available academic literature and government reports on interoperability, the authors have attempted to address this problem. Based on the study, a comprehensive definition of interoperability is presented here. Further, the authors have identified four constituents of interoperable system and finally, a layered architecture for interoperability of government information systems has been presented. The authors believe that an unambiguous definition and clear idea about constituent of interoperability would remove much confusion in conceptualisation, design, and development of interoperable systems in government.

Luxury Business

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Donzé ◽  
Rika Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Brand Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea

The luxury business has been one of the fastest growing industries since the late 1990s. Despite numerous publications in management and business history, it is still difficult to have a clear idea of what “luxury” is, what the characteristics of this business are, and what the dynamics of the industry are. With no consensus on the definition of luxury among scholars and authors, the concept thus requires discussion. Luxury is commonly described as the high-end market segment, but the delimitation of the lower limit of this segment and its differentiation from common consumer goods are rather ambiguous. Authors use different terminology to describe products in this grey zone (such as “accessible luxury,” “new luxury,” and “prestige brands”). Despite the ambiguous definition of “luxury,” various companies have described their own businesses in this way, and consumers perceive them as producers of luxury goods and services. Research on luxury business has focused mostly on four topics: (1) the evolution of its industrial organization since the 1980s (the emergence of large conglomerates such as Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE or LVMH, and the reorganization of small and medium-sized enterprises); (2) production systems (the introduction of European companies into global value chains, and the role of country of origin labels and counterfeiting); (3) brand management (using heritage and tradition to build luxury brands); and (4) access to consumers (customization versus standardization). Lastly, new marketing communication strategies have recently been adopted by companies, namely customer relations via social media and the creation of online communities.

scholarly journals General principles of the design of all-purpose computing machines

1948 ◽  
Vol 195 (1042) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Universal Machine ◽  
Linear Algebraic Equations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Computing Machines ◽  
Limitation Of Size ◽  
Made In

Professor Hartree in his paper has recalled that all the essential ideas of the general-purpose calculating machines now being made are to be found in Babbage’s plans for his analytical engine. In modern times the idea of a universal calculating machine was independently introduced by Turing (1938) in connexion with a logical problem, which there is unfortunately no time to mention, and the construction of actual machines was begun independently in America, towards the end of the late war. A ‘universal’ machine is one which, when given suitable instructions, will carry out automatically any well-defined series of computations of certain specified kinds, say additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions of integers or finite decimals. This is a rather doubtful definition, since it depends on what is meant by a ‘welldefined’ series of computations; and undoubtedly the best definition of this is ‘one that can be done by a machine ’. However, this description is not quite so circular as it may seem; for most people have a fairly clear idea of w hat processes can be done by machines specially constructed for each separate purpose. There are, for example, machines for solving sets of linear algebraic equations, for finding the prim e factors of large integers, for solving ordinary differential equations of certain types, and so on. A universal machine is a single machine which, when provided with suitable instructions, will perform any calculation that could be done by a specially constructed machine. No real machine can be truly universal because its size is limited—for example, no machine will work out π to lO 1000 places of decimals, because there is no room in the world for the working or the answer; but subject to this limitation of size, the machines now being made in America and in this country will be ‘ universal ’ —if they work a t all; that is, they will do every kind of job that can be done by special machines.

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