Expressions

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Schenck ◽  
Peter Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Partial Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Null Value ◽  
Evaluation Exercise ◽  
The One ◽  
Expected Evaluation

Expressions are combinations of operators and operands which are evaluated to produce a value of a specific type. Infix operators require two operands with an operator written between them. A prefix operator requires one operand with an operator written before it. (The expression syntax starts on page 208.) Evaluation proceeds from left to right, governed by the precedence of the operators. The lowest numbered precedence as shown in Table 14.1 is evaluated first. Operators in the same row have the same precedence. Expressions enclosed by parentheses are evaluated before being treated as a single operand. An operand between two operators of different precedence is bound to the operator with the higher one; e.g., −10*20 means (−10)*20. An operand between two operators of the same precedence is bound to the one on the left; e.g., 10/20 * 30 means (10/20) * 30. Exercise 14.1 Work out the intermediate steps for this expression: … −2/(4+4)*5+6… When a null value is encountered in an expression where a non-null is expected, evaluation is short circuited and a null answer is produced. Otherwise, all expressions are fully evaluated even when the outcome is known after partial evaluation. Exercise 14.2 Can you think of an expression that does not require complete evaluation to get the correct answer? The operands of an operator must be compatible with the operator and with each other. Operands can be compatible without having identical types and are compatible when any of these conditions are satisfied: • The types are the same. • One type is a subtype of the other (e.g., one is a number and the other is an integer. • Both types are strings. • Both types are binaries. • Both types are arrays which have compatible base types and identical bounds. • Both types are bags which have compatible base types. • Both types are lists which have compatible base types. • Both types are sets which have compatible base types. Operations are organized by the kind of result they produce, namely: numeric, boolean or logical, string or binary, or aggregate.

scholarly journals Immigration, Humanity, and Morality

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Adeniyi Fasoro
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Common Ownership ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

AbstractThe trend toward the concept of humanity in political theory has arisen largely as a reaction against the mistreatment of vulnerable people such as immigrants. The issue of immigrants’ vulnerability has led political thinkers to ponder on how to apply the principle of humanity to the question of the treatment of immigrants. I would like to address this matter by examining two questions: what is humanity, is it a value property, or a virtue? Does it really matter if the means by which an immigrant immigrates is demeaning to his own humanity as a person? The most common or intuitive reply to these questions would probably be: ‘humanity’ is simply a value-bestowing property, so regardless of immigrants’ actions they are owed respectful treatment. The aim of this paper is to emphasise instead that ‘humanity’ should be conceived as a virtue of actual commitment to act on moral principles. I explore three different meanings of humanity. First, I discuss ‘humanity’ as the common ownership of the earth. Second, I discuss ‘humanity’ as a value property. Third, I discuss humanity as a virtue of acting, on the one hand, with humanity, and on the other hand, on moral principles.

scholarly journals THE “WIN-CONTINUE, LOSE-REVERSE” RULE IN OLIGOPOLIES: ROBUSTNESS OF COLLUSIVE OUTCOMES

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 1550013
Author(s):  
SEGISMUNDO S. IZQUIERDO ◽  
LUIS R. IZQUIERDO
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Iterative Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Rule ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Bertrand Model ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

The so-called “Win-Continue, Lose-Reverse” (WCLR) rule is a simple iterative procedure that can be used to choose a value for any numeric variable (e.g., setting a price or a production level). The rule dictates that one should evaluate the effect on profits of the last adjustment made to the value (e.g., a price variation), and keep on changing the value in the same direction if the adjustment led to greater profits, or reverse the direction of change otherwise. Somewhat surprisingly, this simple rule has been shown to lead to collusive outcomes in Cournot oligopolies, even though its application requires no information about the other firms’ profits or choices. In this paper, we show that the convergence of the WCLR rule toward collusive outcomes can be very sensitive to small independent perturbations in the cost functions or in the income functions of the firms. These perturbations typically push the process toward the Nash equilibrium of the one-shot game. We also explore the behavior of WCLR against other strategies and demonstrate that WCLR is easily exploitable. We then conduct a similar analysis of the WCLR rule in a differentiated Bertrand model, where firms compete in prices.

scholarly journals SISTEM NILAI PELA SEBAGAI MODAL SOSIAL DALAM RANGKA PENGUATAN KEBANGSAAN PADA BASIS LOKAL DI MALUKU

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Max Maswekan
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social System ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Indonesia is a pluralistic country (diverse) in terms of ethnicity, religion, culture, language and social system. This diversity is a blessing that is given as a potential wealth of the nation. On the one hand, this potential can be managed to strengthen nationality and people's welfare, but on the other hand, it can be a potential conflict that can weaken and even solve (disintegration) of nationalism if it is not managed properly. Indonesia has a variety of local wisdom as invaluable social capital. One of them is Pela in Maluku which has a value system that is capable of marching and strengthening (integration) nationalism. The Pela value system has at least four functions that are able to effectively integrate (social cohesion) and strengthen national potential at the local (regional) level, especially in Maluku.

scholarly journals Will Dolphins Save the World? Russian Conversations about the Sacralization of the Beautiful

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennady Bakumenko ◽  
Kalus Irina Vladimirovna ◽  
Nedbaeva Svetlana Viktorovna ◽  
Dudina Margarita Nikolaevna ◽  
Pokhilko Alexander Dmitrievich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Value System ◽  
Elementary Unit ◽  
A Value ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

In the monograph, through the method of ethical questioning, a special place of open scientific thinking in the development of national culture is revealed. On the one hand, culture is conceived as a determinant of personal self-determination, which forms a person as an elementary unit and measure of a value system, on the other hand, it is an object of theoretical reflection, a complex systematic phenomenon causing social changes and the course of history. The book is written for students of social and humanitarian disciplines, scientists, philosophers and educators.В монографии посредством этического вопрошания раскрывается особое место открытого научного мышления в становлении отечественной культуры. С одной стороны, культура мыслится в качестве детерминанты личностного самоопределения, формирующей личность как элементарную единицу и мерило ценностной системы, с другой — является объектом теоретической рефлексии, сложным системным феноменом, обуславливающим социальные изменения и ход истории. Книга адресована студентам социальных и гуманитарных дисциплин, ученым, философам и педагогам.

Can we Modify our Pleasures? A New Look at Kant on Pleasure in the Agreeable

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-388
Author(s):  
Erica A. Holberg
Keyword(s):  
Moral Values ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
A Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
The One ◽  
Rational Direction

AbstractMany of us are all too familiar with the experience of taking pleasure in things we feel we ought not, and of finding it frustratingly hard to bring our pleasures into line with our moral judgements. As a value dualist, Kant draws a sharp contrast between the two sources of practical motivation: pleasure in the agreeable and respect for the moral law. His ethics might thus seem to be an unpromising source for help in thinking about how we can bring our agreeable pleasures into line with our moral values. But I argue that a careful reading of Kant’s texts reveals a helpfully realistic view about the extent to which we can modify our agreeable pleasures. On my interpretation, Kant shows us how to hold together two seemingly incompatible ideas: on the one hand, that pleasure in the agreeable is resistant to rational direction, and on the other hand, that we can cultivate these pleasures with a view to ethical self-transformation.

scholarly journals Los poderes probatorios del juez y el modelo de proceso | Evidential Powers of the Judges and the Procedural Models

2017 ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Jordi Ferrer Beltrán
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Procedural Models ◽  
The One

Resumen: El artículo ofrece un replanteamiento del debate sobre la conveniencia de atribuir poderes probatorios al juez. Para ello, se sostiene, por un lado, que la respuesta para ese debate debe vincularse necesariamente al modelo de proceso y de juez que se pretenda implementar, así como a la necesidad de sostener el objetivo de averiguación de la verdad en el proceso judicial. Por otro lado, una respuesta adecuada al problema planteado requiere un análisis cuidadoso de los distintos poderes probatorios y del reparto de los mismos entre el juez y las partes. Abstract: The paper analyzes the debate on the convenience of attributing evidential powers to the judge. Ii is argued, on the one hand, that any response for this debate depends necessarily upon 1) the features of two models to be implemented: the model of the judicial process and that of the judge; as well as upon 2) the need to assume the search for truth as the aim in every judicial process. On the other hand, a correct answer to the problem needs a careful analysis of the different -and differently distributed- evidential powers the judge and the parties have.

The Odd-Even Effect in Addition

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefaan Vandorpe ◽  
Stijn De Rammelaere ◽  
André Vandierendonck
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Parity Rule ◽  
Parity Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. The odd-even effect is a well documented finding in the literature on mental arithmetic, at least for multiplication. It implies that false answers with the same parity as the correct answer are rejected more slowly than false answers with a different parity. For addition, this effect is not so well documented. The study by Krueger and Hallford (1984 ) is the only one that investigated odd-even effects for addition. However, they did not investigate odd-even effects per problem, even though there are indications that problem type can modulate odd-even effects for multiplication ( Lemaire & Reder, 1999 ). Therefore, we wanted to get more insight into odd-even effects for addition by investigating odd-even effects per problem type. Our results extended the findings of Krueger and Hallford. First of all, we found an interaction between split and problem type. The most important and new result of present study, however, was a strong parity effect for E + E problems. We discuss our results in terms of two alternative explanations for odd-even effects, namely use of a parity rule on the one hand and familiarity with even outcomes on the other.

scholarly journals STABILITY OF GROUND STATES IN SECTORS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE WIGNER–WEISSKOPF MODEL

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 513-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASAO ARAI ◽  
MASAO HIROKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Adjoint Operator ◽  
Ground States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
A Value ◽  
First Excited State ◽  
The One

We consider two kinds of stability (under a perturbation) of the ground state of a self-adjoint operator: the one is concerned with the sector to which the ground state belongs and the other is about the uniqueness of the ground state. As an application to the Wigner–Weisskopf model which describes one mode fermion coupled to a quantum scalar field, we prove in the massive case the following: (a) For a value of the coupling constant, the Wigner–Weisskopf model has degenerate ground states; (b) for a value of the coupling constant, the Wigner–Weisskopf model has a first excited state with energy level below the bottom of the essential spectrum. These phenomena are nonperturbative.

On Value and value: A Reply to Quentin Smith

Philosophy ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (258) ◽  
pp. 525-526
Author(s):  
Jonathan Westphal ◽  
Christopher Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
A Value ◽  
The One ◽  
Emotional Value

In ‘Concerning the Absurdity of Life’ Quentin Smith accuses us of contradicting ourselves in our argument against Thomas Nagel. On the one hand we said that Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 is not ‘insignificant’ compared with cosmic radiation. On the other we said that the life of a man of integrity or humanity could be lived without a formal claim to Value, so that there was nothing for Nagel's external perspective to negate. But where is the contradiction? We put ‘emotional value’, used of Mozart's concerto, in scare quotes, to show that we disapproved of the phrase, and we also called the emotional value ‘so-called’ with the same intention. What we said about the life of the man of integrity, as we characterized it, was that no formal claim about Value was made for it—note the capital V. ‘Formal’ was meant to make the same point. We meant neither to assert nor to deny that Value was objectively present in the concerto. If we had asserted it, that would have meant that the concerto was no good. If we had denied it, that would have committed us to a styptic view of what it would be for it to be false that it was no good. Also not wanted was to understand how music has a value, for example in education. Smith did not see that we were gunning for just the kind of analysis he gives of integrity and humanity. Hence that capital V in our reference to ‘Value’. It was meant ironically. Is a man's integrity ‘living by his values’, as Smith says, or is ‘humanity’, as we used it, ‘respecting the value of other human beings’? Integrity is surely, as the OED says, more a certain kind of unbrokenness or wholeness, being uncorrupted, even sinless, or innocent. The OED rightly makes no mention of values. Nor does it mention them under ‘humanity’: kindness, benevolence, humaneness, ‘traits or touches of human nature or feeling; points that appeal to man’. It is not true, let alone analytically true, as Smith says, that the notions of integrity and humanity involve value.

scholarly journals TECHNIQUES OF INFORMATION SPACE MODELING IN MILITARY FIELD

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ruta Surovcova ◽  
Sandra Murinska
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
National Guard ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Comfort Zone ◽  
Training Process ◽  
A Value ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
The One

The aim of the paper is to research and analyze the features of the National Guard's image formation in the information space of Latvia. It is viewed within the framework of the study how the image of "the National Guard" and "a national guard" is constructed in the texts and how these constructs vary in the blog "Ivars Chiekurs and His Adventures" [in Latvian “Ivars Čiekurs un viņa piedzīvojumi”]. Eight blog posts are analyzed using discourse analysis. The criteria selected for analysis were the following: subject, attitude, comparisons, description, and action. The image of the National Guard on the blog "Ivars Chiekurs and His Adventures" is not unequivocal. On the one hand, the National Guard is a value and is seen as a panacea for any security threat. On the other hand, the National Guard is blamed for lying and maintaining myths, for not wanting to leave the comfort zone, taking the initiative and fighting to improve the training process and provision.

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