Organic Matter and Nutrients in the Mainstem Amazon River

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Devol ◽  
John I. Hedges
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Amazon River ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Amazon, like smaller rivers, is the daughter of its drainage basin. Local climate and interactions over time with the template of topography, geology, and vegetation determine the size and flow of rivers. Likewise, the compositions of the particulate and dissolved materials carried by rivers result from initially similar rainwaters that have been uniquely imprinted by contact with almost every plant, animal, and mineral in the catchment. Rivers thus provide a continuously flowing signal, recorded by isotopes, ions and molecules, of the cumulative effects of drainage basin processes such as weathering, oxidation/reduction, gas exchange, photosynthesis, biodegradation, and partitioning. This recording is complementary to more classical methods of remote sensing based on electromagnetic radiation, but is composited over a wider range of time and space scales and includes effects of subcanopy and subsurface processes. The Amazon River is similar to other rivers in this regard, but is unusual in the size and extent of different environments its waters touch. The Amazon River is the world’s largest river and drains the world’s largest single catchment (∼6,000,000 km2). It discharges an average of about 200,000 m3 of water per second to the Atlantic Ocean. This volume is about 5 times more than the Congo, the second largest river. The Amazon has 1100 major tributaries, three of which are nearly as large as the Congo. From its origins at about 5200 m in the Andes about 200 km from the Pacific Ocean, the Amazon goes through at least 10 name changes as it snakes its way 6500 km eastward to the Atlantic Ocean (Schreider and Schreider 1970). The flooded areas along the lower mainstem are important sources of greenhouse gases such as methane (Bartlett and Harriss 1993, Devol et al. 1994) and the latent heat release from convective precipitation in the basin is sufficient to influence global climate. The Amazon drainage basin contains 40% of the world’s tropical rain forest (dos Santos, 1987) and is home to countless species of plants and animals. The river itself contains some 2000 described species of fish.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

Taxonomy of the genus Thyonella (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), with mention of the first record of T. sabanillaensis from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4527 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
LUCIANA MARTINS
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
First Record ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The genus Thyonella currently comprises four species which occur in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Thyonella mexicana is the only species known to occur in the Pacific Ocean. The main morphological characters used to distinguish Thyonella species are their dermal ossicles. Since the differences among these characters are subtle, this contribution provides a detailed description and comparison of the ossicle assemblage of the concerned taxa. In addition, description of the internal morphology of three of the concerned species is also provided. Further, this study reports on the first record of Thyonella sabanillaensis for the Southwestern Atlantic. A worldwide revision of the distributional records of Thyonella species is presented and their taxonomy is discussed, concluding that some traditional taxonomic characters should be used cautiously. A brief discussion about the importance of SEM analysis is also provided. 

1755, Lisbon

Tsunami ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
James Goff ◽  
Walter Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The City

Most Europeans do not worry about tsunami waves as much as those who live around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, but they should. On All Saint’s Day, 1755, a huge earthquake struck Lisbon, Portugal, causing most stone buildings to collapse, including churches, monasteries, nunneries, and chapels, trapping the faithful inside the ruins, which votive candles quickly turned into burning pyres. Voltaire would write, “The sole consolation is that the Jesuit Inquisitors of Lisbon will have disappeared.” To add to the irony, among the few buildings safely left standing following the disaster were the lightly constructed wooden bordellos of the city. Most of Lisbon’s prostitutes but few of her nuns survived. Tsunami waves would not only kill thousands around Lisbon’s harbor but also travel south to Spain and North Africa, north to Ireland and Wales, and across the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean, flooding the streets of Barbados.

scholarly journals GEOSECS Pacific Radiocarbon

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H G Östlund ◽  
Minze Stuiver
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Section Study ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

In the preceding paper (Stuiver and Östlund, this issue), some of the general features of the Geochemical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS) were outlined and results were listed for the Atlantic Ocean. This paper will deal with the second major cruise, which was described by Craig and Turekian (1976), covering the Pacific Ocean in 1973-74 (cf fig 1).

IODP Expedition 378 South Pacific Paleogene Climate: New high-resolution high-latitude Cenozoic Section

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Röhl ◽  
Deborah J Thomas ◽  
Laurel Childress ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
South Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
International Ocean Discovery Program

<p>As the world’s largest ocean, the Pacific Ocean is intricately linked to major changes in the global climate system. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 378 is designed to recover Paleogene sedimentary sections in the South Pacific to reconstruct key changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation. These cores will provide an unparalleled opportunity to add crucial new data and geographic coverage to existing reconstructions of Paleogene climate and as part of a major regional slate of expeditions in the Southern Ocean to fill a critical need for high-latitude climate reconstructions. Appropriate high-latitude records are unobtainable in the Northern Hemisphere of the Pacific Ocean.</p><p>The drilling strategy included a transect of sites strategically positioned in the South Pacific to recover Paleogene carbonates buried under red clay sequences at present latitudes of 40°–52°S in 4650 – 5075 meters of water depth. Due to technical issues we no longer will be able to reach the deeper sites. Therefore, the focus of Expedition 378 will be now to obtain a continuous sedimentary record of a previously single hole, rotary-drilled, spot-cored, classic Cenozoic high-latitude DSDP Site 277 and provide a crucial, multiple hole, mostly APC-cored, continuous record of the intermediate-depth Subantarctic South Pacific Ocean from the Latest Cretaceous to late Oligocene.</p>

scholarly journals A cut-off low in southern South America: dynamic and thermodynamic processes

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Anibal Godoy ◽  
Norma Edit Possia ◽  
Claudia Marcela Campetella ◽  
Yanina García Skabar
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Horizontal Advection ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Divergence Effect ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Cutoff Low ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

The dynamic and thermodynamic processes involved in the life cycle of a cutoff low occurred in March 2007 are studied. These processes are analyzed using the vorticity and thermodynamic equations and a set of analyses generated with the BRAMS model. The main processes that explain the segregation of the subtropical part of the trough are the horizontal advection of cyclonic vorticity at high levels and warm horizontal advection at middle levels, both over the Pacific Ocean extending south to the Patagonia region, building the ridge located upstream of the trough. Increased intensity of the upper level low pressure system is mainly explained by intensification of the ridges down and upstream. The divergence effect is opposed to the horizontal advection of vorticity which explains the stagnation of the cut-off low windward of the Andes. The decay stage is dominated by warm vertical advection. Assuming the conservation of potential vorticity the analysis of parcel trajectories , allowed detecting the entrance of stratospheric air to middle levels of the lower troposphere around the cut-off low.

scholarly journals Diazotrophic Diversity and Distribution in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 7910-7919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Langlois ◽  
Julie LaRoche ◽  
Philipp A. Raab
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Community Shift ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT To understand the structure of marine diazotrophic communities in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, the molecular diversity of the nifH gene was studied by nested PCR amplification using degenerate primers, followed by cloning and sequencing. Sequences of nifH genes were amplified from environmental DNA samples collected during three cruises (November-December 2000, March 2002, and October-November 2002) covering an area between 0 to 28.3°N and 56.6 to 18.5°W. A total of 170 unique sequences were recovered from 18 stations and 23 depths. Samples from the November-December 2000 cruise contained both unicellular and filamentous cyanobacterial nifH phylotypes, as well as γ-proteobacterial and cluster III sequences, so far only reported in the Pacific Ocean. In contrast, samples from the March 2002 cruise contained only phylotypes related to the uncultured group A unicellular cyanobacteria. The October-November 2002 cruise contained both filamentous and unicellular cyanobacterial and γ-proteobacterial sequences. Several sequences were identical at the nucleotide level to previously described environmental sequences from the Pacific Ocean, including group A sequences. The data suggest a community shift from filamentous cyanobacteria in surface waters to unicellular cyanobacteria and/or heterotrophic bacteria in deeper waters. With one exception, filamentous cyanobacterial nifH sequences were present within temperatures ranging between 26.5 and 30°C and where nitrate was undetectable. In contrast, nonfilamentous nifH sequences were found throughout a broader temperature range, 15 to 30°C, more often in waters with temperature of <26°C, and were sometimes recovered from waters with detectable nitrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Terroir and typicity of Carignan from Maule Valley (Chile): the resurgence of a minority variety

OENO One ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa ◽  
Yerko Moreno-Simunovic
Keyword(s):  
National Average ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
High Alcohol ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Carignan is one of those minor cultivars that have had a major resurgence in the Chilean wine industry, and its production is sold at a price well above the national average. This variety, together with other autochthonous grapevine varieties, makes up a unique heritage in Chilean winemaking, which has given a new identity to the country on the world wine scene. Chilean viticulture is based on the production of the most recognized grapevine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. However, this has caused a massive loss of minority and autochthonous grapevine varieties in certain wine growing regions. Thus, this review summarizes the effects of terroir of the Maule Valley on the typicity of Carignan. Carignan grapevines growing in the sites closer to the Pacific Ocean, such as Truquilemu and Ciénaga de Name, present a high concentration of several amino acids and volatile compounds in grapes and wines, while Carignan grapevines growing in the sites further east, towards the Andes Mountains, provide grapes and wines with a high alcohol and phenolic concentration. Therefore, Maule Valley provides unique edaphoclimatic conditions that allow differences in the composition and style of the Carignan wines.

Description of three new species of Bradyidius (Copepoda: Calanoida), the new aetideids from the deep Pacific Ocean, with notes on the genera Bradyidius and Aetideopsis

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5004 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-369
Author(s):  
ELENA L. MARKHASEVA ◽  
JASMIN RENZ
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Lateral Spine ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Argentine Basin ◽  
Exopod Segment

Three new aetideid species, Bradyidius abyssalis sp. nov., Bradyidius parabyssalis sp. nov., and B. kurilokamchaticus sp. nov. are described from female specimens collected near the seafloor in the abyss of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Specimens of Bradyidius parabyssalis sp. nov. were obtained in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Argentine Basin, area of the Meteor Seamount and the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench). Bradyidius abyssalis sp. nov. was found only in the Atlantic Ocean, (Brazil and Guinea Basins and area of the Meteor Seamount) and Bradyidius kurilokamchaticus sp. nov. was recorded from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench of the Pacific Ocean. Three new herein described Bradyidius species constitute the first documented records of the genus from the abyss of the World Ocean. In addition, three Bradyidius species from the Weddell Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench, are briefly described without biological names due to their bad condition. Bradyidius parabyssalis sp. nov. and B. abyssalis sp. nov. are distinguished from all known congeners by the presence of 3 setae at the basis of the mandible and morphological details of the prosome posterior corners and P1. They show close resemblance to each other but differ in body size, rostrum structure, P4 coxa armament and length of the setae of the antennule ancestral segment I and the mandible basis. Bradyidius kurilokamchaticus sp. nov. shares with B. curtus Markhaseva, 1993, B. pacificus (Brodsky, 1950) and B. arnoldi Fleminger, 1957 a rostrum with non-divergent or parallel points, but differs from these species in the size, the well developed lateral spine on exopod segment 1, in the number of setae at the antenna exopod segment 1 and some morphological details of the prosome posterior corners. Characters that define the genus Bradyidius Giesbrecht, 1897 from Aetideopsis Sars, 1903, i.e. the shape of lateral spines of P1exopod segments 1 and 2; the endopod of P2 segmentation and the setation of the antennule ancestral segments XII, XV and XVII are discussed.

DISTRIBUTION OF ALASKA POLLOCK (GADUS CHALCOGRAMMUS) IN NORTHERN PACIFIC OCEAN: A RESULT OF INFLUENCE OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
S.S. Grigoryev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Early Ontogenesis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Northern Pacific

The hypothesis of invasion of Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) to the Northern Pacific Ocean during the Bering Strait opening is discussed. Alaska pollock, a fish from the family Gadidae, is the most widespread and abundant commercial species in northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is considered that the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean was the center of formation of Gadids in the Northern hemisphere. Species Gadus morhua and G. chalcogrammus differ on their features of early ontogenesis and requirements to environment conditions. Life history of the Atlantic cod G. morhua depends on the systems of warm currents in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Unlike Northern Atlantic, all space of northwest part of the Pacific Ocean is occupied by the water of subarctic structure mass. The species G. chalcogrammus occurs more deep-water, differ by benthonic spawning (from 100 to 500 m of bottom depth) and embryonic development at lower (about 0ºC), even negative, water temperature at surface. During their development, the eggs drift under the influence of cold currents. Suitability of early ontogenesis of Alaska pollock to severe conditions promoted its survival and a wide distribution in northern part of the Pacific Ocean during evolution.

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